Table 1. Parameter values in the metabolic models.

Symbol	Explanation	Value	Reference
$E_{a,g}^a$	Microbial growth activation energy under aerobic reference conditionsa	6.1334 ⋅104 J/mol	Derived from data in Fig 4
$E_{a,m}^a$	Maintenance activation energy under aerobic reference conditionsa	3.4664 ⋅105 J/mol	Derived from data in Fig 4
[H+]min	Minimum inhibitory proton concentration under reference conditionsa	10−3.95 mol/L	[35]
KG	Monod half-saturation constant for glucose	2.994 ⋅10−6 mol/L	[36]
$m_{G,ref}^{\left(1\right)}$	Maintenance coefficient of the LO under reference conditionsa	3.496 ⋅10−4 $\frac{\text{mol}}{\text{gDW}·\mathrm{h}}$	FBA with iAF1260 model
$m_{G,ref}^{LDH}$	Maintenance coefficient for the LDH metabolism under reference conditionsa	4.195 ⋅10−3 $\frac{\text{mol}}{\text{gDW}·\mathrm{h}}$	FBA with iAF1260 model
$m_{G,ref}^{PFL}$	Maintenance coefficient for the PFL metabolism under reference conditionsa	3.051 ⋅10−3 $\frac{\text{mol}}{\text{gDW}·\mathrm{h}}$	FBA with iAF1260 model
$q_{A,ref}^{PFL}{|}_{q_G=0}$	Specific acetic acid secretion rate under glucose-free reference conditionsa	6.073 ⋅10−4 $\frac{\text{mol}}{\text{gDW}·\mathrm{h}}$	FBA with iAF1260 model
$q_{F,ref}^{PFL}{|}_{q_G=0}$	Specific formic acid secretion rate under glucose-free reference conditionsa	9.174 ⋅10−4 $\frac{\text{mol}}{\text{gDW}·\mathrm{h}}$	FBA with iAF1260 model
$q_{G,max}^a$	Maximum specific glucose uptake rate under aerobic conditions	9.02 ⋅10−3 $\frac{\text{mol}}{\text{gDW}·\mathrm{h}}$	[37]
$q_{G,max}^{an}$	Maximum specific glucose uptake rate under anaerobic conditions	17.3 ⋅10−3 $\frac{\text{mol}}{\text{gDW}·\mathrm{h}}$	[37]
$q_{L,ref}^{LDH}{|}_{q_G=0}$	Specific lactic acid secretion rate under glucose-free reference conditionsa	1.2043 ⋅10−3 $\frac{\text{mol}}{\text{gDW}·\mathrm{h}}$	FBA with iAF1260 model
${\left[{\mathrm{U}}_A\right]}_{min}^a$	Mean aerobic MIC of undissociated acetic acid in a pH range from 4.2 to 5.4	9.5 ⋅10−3 mol/L	[38]
${\left[{\mathrm{U}}_F\right]}_{min}^a$	Mean aerobic MIC of undissociated formic acid in a pH range from 4.2 to 5.4	0.95 ⋅10−3 mol/L	[38]
${\left[{\mathrm{U}}_L\right]}_{min}^a$	Mean aerobic MIC of undissociated lactic acid in a pH range from 4.2 to 5.4	7.0 ⋅10−3 mol/L	[38]
${\left[{\mathrm{U}}_A\right]}_{min}^{an}$	Mean anaerobic MIC of undissociated acetic acid in a pH range from 4.2 to 5.4	6.25 ⋅10−3 mol/L	[38]
${\left[{\mathrm{U}}_F\right]}_{min}^{an}$	Mean anaerobic MIC of undissociated formic acid in a pH range from 4.2 to 5.4	1.075 ⋅10−3 mol/L	[38]
${\left[{\mathrm{U}}_L\right]}_{min}^{an}$	Mean anaerobic MIC of undissociated lactic acid in a pH range from 4.2 to 5.4	4.75 ⋅10−3 mol/L	[38]
$Y_{X/G}^{\left(1\right)}$	Biomass yield coefficient on glucose under fully aerobic conditions	96.300 gDW/mol	FBA with iAF1260 model
$Y_{L/G}^{LDH}$	Lactic acid yield coefficient on glucose for the LDH metabolism	1.713 mol/mol	FBA with iAF1260 model
$Y_{X/G}^{LDH}$	Biomass yield coefficient on glucose for the LDH metabolism	19.465 gDW/mol	FBA with iAF1260 model
$Y_{A/G}^{PFL}$	Acetic acid yield coefficient on glucose for the PFL metabolism	0.801 mol/mol	FBA with iAF1260 model
$Y_{F/G}^{PFL}$	Formic acid yield coefficient on glucose for the PFL metabolism	1.699 mol/mol	FBA with iAF1260 model
$Y_{X/G}^{PFL}$	Biomass yield coefficient on glucose for the PFL metabolism	27.075 gDW/mol	FBA with iAF1260 model

^a Reference conditions: M9 minimal medium enriched with glucose, pH = 7.0, T = 37 °C, and [U_i] = 0 mol/L.