Table 3. Properties of cholinergic neuronal populations.

‘Nucleus Basalis Complex’=Nucleus Basalis of Meynert, Horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca, Ventral Pallidum, Magnocellular Preoptic Area, Substantia Inominata, Nucleus of the Ansa Lenticularis. ‘Septa”l = Medial Septum, Vertical Limb of the Diagonal Band of Broca. ‘Cholinergic Brainstem’=Pedunculopontine Nucleus, Laterodorsal Tegmental Nucleus (Pappas et al., 2015; Mena-Segovia and Bolam, 2017; Gonzales and Smith, 2015; Manns et al., 2000; Unal et al., 2012; Petzold et al., 2015; Kanning et al., 2010; Kreitzer, 2009; Zaborszky et al., 2012; Garcia-Rill, 1991; Semba et al., 1988; Semba and Fibiger, 1992; Phelps et al., 1990a; Phelps et al., 1988; Phelps et al., 1990b; Phelps et al., 1989; Aroca and Puelles, 2005; Schambra et al., 1989).

Cholinergic population	Neuronal class	Firing properties	Efferent projections	Afferent inputs	Birth date/final mitosis	Embryonic origin	ChAT expression
Dorsolateral striatum (including dorsal caudate putamen)	Interneuron	tonically active, 2–10 Hz baseline firing rate	Local - striatal spiny projection neurons and fast spiking interneurons	Thalamus, sensorimotor cortex, striatal spiny projection neurons, striatal interneurons	E12-E15	MGE	~E16
Dorsomedial striatum (including ventral caudate putamen)	Interneuron	tonically active, 2–10 Hz baseline firing rate	Local - striatal spiny projection neurons and fast spiking interneurons	Thalamus, association cortices, striatal spiny projection neurons, striatal interneurons	E12-E15	MGE	~E16
Nucleus accumbens	Interneuron	tonically active, 0.6–12 Hz baseline firing rate	Local - striatal spiny projection neurons and fast spiking interneurons	Thalamus, frontal cortex, striatal spiny projection neurons, striatal interneurons	E12-E15	MGE	~E16
Basal forebrain	Projection neuron	Tonic/burst, subtype dependent	Cortex (Nucleus Basalis Complex), Hippocampus (Septal)	Medulla, locus ceruleus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, hypothalamic nuclei, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, local intrinsic GABAergic and glutamatergic collaterals	E11-E15	POA/MGE	~E15-16
Cholinergic Brainstem	Projection neuron	episodic	Midbrain, superior colliculus, thalamus, globus pallidus, hypothalamus, septum, striatum, cortex	Brainstem reticular formation, midbrain central gray, lateral hypothalamus-zona incerta, cortex, amygdala, basal forebrain, basal ganglia output nuclei, brainstem and spinal cord sensory nuclei	E12-E13	Ventral rhombomere 1 (r1)
Primary Motor Neurons	Projection neuron	subtype dependent	Muscle	Motor Cortex, local spinal cord interneurons and sensory neurons	E11-E12	Ventral spinal cord progenitor domains	E13