Table 2. Characteristics of CHI and population in the selected studies.
| Author, year | Type of CHI applications | Total number of participants | Reported age of participants | Indicators for underserved populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ethnicities of interest | Income indicators | Reported education level | Reported insurance status | ||||
| Ancker, 2017 41 | Patient portal: Medline connected links in medical records | 12,877 | 18-24: 18.5% 25-44: 43.5% 45-64: 30% 65+: 8% | Latinos by language preference, Black, White, Other, Unknown | Patients at Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC) | n/a | Private, Medicaid, uninsured, Medicare |
| Gordon, 2016 42 | Patient portal: Kaiser North California | 231,082 | 65-79 | English speaking non-Hispanic White, Black, Hispanic, Filipino, and Chinese | 30.3% had low income | [Survey] 22% Latino seniors and 4% others did not graduate from high school | Kaiser HMO |
| Damman, 2016 34 | Patient education tool: Web-based cardiometabolic disease risk calculator and information | 23 | 40-66 | n/a | n/a | Low health literacy | |
| Kukafka, 2015 35 | Patient education tool: Web-based decision aid for breast cancer prevention | 34 | Mean age: 53.4 (SD=n/a) | Hispanic | n/a | 41% had low numeracy | n/a |
| Owens, 2015 36 | Patient education tool: Computer-based decision aid | 21 | 37-66 | African-American | More than half had income lower than $39,999/yr | 14% finished high school | 20% Medicaid or no coverage or other insurance |
| Smith, 2015 43 | Patient portal: Registration and utilization of a patient portal | 534 | 55-74 | African-American | FQHC and ambulatory care clinic | 17.4% had low health literacy, 14.8% graduated from high school or less | n/a |
| Rosas, 2014 37 | Patient education tool: Kiosk, interactive game for prenatal and environmental health | 152 | n/a | Hispanic | Low income, FQHC | Low literacy | n/a |
| Odlum, 2014 44 | Patient portal: Internet-based electronic personal health, management tools | 42 [Survey], 15 [Focus groups] | 24-63 | Hispanic | 80.9% earned less than $10,000/yr | 83% graduated from high school or General Educational Development (GED) | Medicaid Special Needs Plan |
| Cogbill, 2014 38 | Patient education tool: Online colorectal cancer education website | 18 [Focus groups], 60 [Trial] | 45-75 | African-American | [Focus groups] 16.7% earned $10,000/yr or less, [Trial] 33.3% earned $10,000/yr or less | [Focus groups] 33.3% graduated from high school or less, [Trial] 31.7% graduated from high school or less | n/a |
| Czaja, 2013 45 | Technology-based intervention: In-home and videophone technology, multi-component psychosocial intervention | 110 | Mean age: 60.9 (SD: 12.8) |
Hispanic, African-American | n/a | 40% of the intervention group and 36.5% of the control group had less than high school education | n/a |
| Bass, 2013 39 | Patient education tool: Low-literacy computer touch-screen colonoscopy decision aid | 102 | 50-74 | African-American | n/a | Low literacy; less than 6th grade REALM score 87 | n/a |
| Lapane, 2012 46 | Technology-based intervention: Tailored DVDs on medication adherence | 326 [Telephone survey], 106 [First focus group], 16 [Second focus group] | Eligibility: At least 65 years old; n/a for actual participants |
Hispanic | Low-income | n/a | n/a |
| Neuen-schwander, 2012 40 | Patient education tool: Web-based nutrition education program | 123 | 18-30: 48% 31-50: 39.8% 51-70: 10.6% 71+: 1.6% |
Hispanic, African-American | SNAP-Ed eligible | 43% graduated from high school or less | n/a |