Table 4.
Reproducibility of linear in vivo measurements.
| Measurement | Volunteer #1 MEAN ± SD [RANGE] |
Volunteer #2 MEAN ± SD [RANGE] |
Volunteer #3 MEAN ± SD [RANGE] |
|---|---|---|---|
| CL-CR | 103.20 ± 0.30 [0.65] mm | 109.31 ± 0.32 [0.82] mm | 106.77 ± 0.22 [0.47] mm |
| GoL-GoR | 95.15 ± 0.50 [1.19] mm | 99.64 ± 0.27 [0.66] mm | 90.42 ± 0.40 [0.85] mm |
| ZL-ZR | 128.61 ± 0.25 [0.59] mm | 136.40 ± 0.24 [0.56] mm | 138.86 ± 0.57 [1.18] mm |
| N-S | 72.89 ± 0.14 [0.37] mm | 76.46 ± 0.32 [0.62] mm | 74.03 ± 0.31 [0.68] mm |
| S-Ba | 43.07 ± 0.25 [0.62] mm | 47.85 ± 0.31 [0.80] mm | 46.25 ± 0.24 [0.58] mm |
| PNS-ANS | 59.30 ± 0.38 [0.86] mm | 61.36 ± 0.35 [0.88] mm | 60.89 ± 0.30 [0.75] mm |
| N-Me | 114.52 ± 0.38 [0.95] mm | 116.31 ± 0.33 [0.83] mm | 123.79 ± 0.38 [0.89] mm |
| N-ANS | 48.45 ± 0.39 [0.97] mm | 51.38 ± 0.15 [0.39] mm | 51.76 ± 0.33 [0.82] mm |
| ANS-Me | 67.13 ± 0.49 [1.32] mm | 65.49 ± 0.19 [0.46] mm | 73.93 ± 0.41 [0.98] mm |
| S-Gomp | 85.72 ± 0.42 [1.00] mm | 84.70 ± 0.31 [0.82] mm | 78.28 ± 0.44 [1.13] mm |
| CL-GoL | 64.92 ± 0.54 [1.15] mm | 63.45 ± 0.31 [0.83] mm | 61.37 ± 0.33 [0.72] mm |
| CL-GoL 2D | 64.88 ± 0.55 [1.15] mm | 62.99 ± 0.39 [1.00] mm | 60.80 ± 0.34 [0.81] mm |
| CR-GoR | 64.79 ± 0.25 [0.62] mm | 62.11 ± 0.45 [0.94] mm | 61.42 ± 0.17 [0.38] mm |
| CR-GoR 2D | 64.51 ± 0.20 [0.49] mm | 62.07 ± 0.46 [0.98] mm | 60.90 ± 0.22 [0.50] mm |
| GoL-Me | 82.66 ± 0.25 [0.60] mm | 92.54 ± 0.44 [1.17] mm | 90.65 ± 0.41 [1.07] mm |
| GoL-Me 2D | 68.60 ± 0.33 [0.85] mm | 77.70 ± 0.22 [0.49] mm | 77.76 ± 0.43 [1.07] mm |
| GoR-Me | 81.35 ± 0.19 [0.51] mm | 93.74 ± 0.31 [0.79] mm | 92.66 ± 0.07 [0.16] mm |
| GoR-Me 2D | 65.01 ± 0.63 [1.42] mm | 79.69 ± 0.31 [0.83] mm | 81.69 ± 0.44 [1.15] mm |
| CL-A | 101.23 ± 0.23 [0.61] mm | 105.10 ± 0.17 [0.42] mm | 105.76 ± 0.38 [0.80] mm |
| CL-A 2D | 87.78 ± 0.37 [0.90] mm | 88.43 ± 0.47 [1.04] mm | 90.57 ± 0.55 [1.43] mm |
| CR-A | 100.12 ± 0.38 [0.82] mm | 103.25 ± 0.38 [1.00] mm | 108.23 ± 0.26 [0.67] mm |
| CR-A 2D | 85.16 ± 0.54 [1.28] mm | 88.91 ± 0.49 [1.27] mm | 94.88 ± 0.57 [1.43] mm |
| CL-Gn | 126.03 ± 0.24 [0.56] mm | 131.32 ± 0.40 [1.03] mm | 136.28 ± 0.32 [0.86] mm |
| CL-Gn 2D | 116.40 ± 0.62 [1.38] mm | 117.92 ± 0.50 [1.15] mm | 124.54 ± 0.51 [1.28] mm |
| CR-Gn | 124.62 ± 0.33 [0.86] mm | 129.59 ± 0.30 [0.82] mm | 139.06 ± 0.39 [0.77] mm |
| CR-Gn 2D | 111.93 ± 0.53 [1.42] mm | 118.90 ± 0.63 [1.68] mm | 129.22 ± 0.39 [0.95] mm |
| p = 0.22 | p = 0.15 | p = 0.24 |
All distances were calculated from cephalometric landmarks determined on multiplanar reconstructions as shown in Fig. 3. 2D measurements were projected on the midsagittal plane (N_ANS_PNS). All mean, SD and range values refer to 5 MRI scans in different head positions for each study participant. All p-values were generated by repeated measures one-way analysis of variance. p-values > 0.05 indicate no significant differences between the 5 measurement rounds.
Definitions of distances: CL-CR = Distance between points CL and CR (‘bicondylar width’); GoL-GoR = Distance between points GoL and GoR (‘bigonial width’); ZL-ZR = Distance between points ZL and ZR (‘bizygomatic width’); N-S = Distance between points N and S (‘anterior cranial base length’); S-Ba = Distance between points S and Ba (‘posterior cranial base length’); PNS-ANS = Distance between points PNS and ANS (‘palatal length’); N-Me = Distance between points N and Me (‘total anterior facial height’); N-ANS = Distance between points N and ANS (‘upper anterior facial height’); ANS-Me = Distance between points ANS and Me (‘lower anterior facial height’); S-Gomp = Distance from point S to midpoint of GoL and GoR (‘posterior facial height’); CL-GoL = Distance between points CL and GoL (‘left mandibular ramus height’); CR-GoR = Distance between points CR and GoR (‘right mandibular ramus height’); GoL-Me = Distance between points GoL and Me (‘left mandibular body length’); GoR-Me = Distance between points GoR and Me (‘right mandibular body length’); CL-A = Distance between points CL and A (‘left midfacial length’); CR-A = Distance between points CR and A (‘right midfacial length’); CL-Gn = Distance between points CL and Gn (‘left mandibular length’); CR-Gn = Distance between points CR and Gn (‘right mandibular length’).
Abbreviations: Abbreviations/definitions for cephalometric landmarks and planes are given in the legend of Fig. 4. 2D = two-dimensional; SD = standard deviation.