Table 1.
Biomarkers previously described in skin aging.
| Biomarkers | In vitro | In vivo | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| SA-β-gal | RS fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes (Hu), UVI keratinocytes and fibroblasts (Hu) | CA epidermis (Hu) UVI epidermis (Ms) | Dimri et al., 1995 Chen et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2017 |
| Enlarged, flattened cell morphology | RS fibroblasts (Hu, Bb), UVI keratinocytes and fibroblasts (Hu) | Not well documented | Hayflick and Moorhead, 1961; Chen et al., 2000, 2008; Jeyapalan et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2017 |
| p16INK4a | OIS melanocytes (Hu), RS fibroblasts (Bb) and ROT-treated fibroblasts (Hu) | Nevi melanocytes (Hu), premalignant papillomas (Ms), CA skin (Bb), CA epidermis, dermis and hair follicles (Hu) | Collado et al., 2005; Michaloglou et al., 2005; Herbig et al., 2006; Ressler et al., 2006; Jeyapalan et al., 2007; Waaijer et al., 2012, 2018; Ivanov et al., 2013 |
| Lamin B1 | UVI keratinocytes (Hu) and OIS melanocytes (Hu) | CA epidermis (Hu), nevi melanocytes (Hu) and UVI epidermis (Ms) | Dreesen et al., 2013a,b; Ivanov et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2017 |
| SASP (cytokines, MMPs, growth factors) | OIS melanocytes (IL-1, IL-6, IL8, IGFBP7; Hu), CA fibroblasts (IL-6, IL-8; Hu), UVI keratinocytes (IL-1, IL-6, HMGB1; Hu), HGPS and WS fibroblasts (PAI-1; Hu) | CA and UVI epidermis (MMPs, Hu), UVI skin (Hmgb1; Ms), nevi melanocytes (IL-6; Hu), and DNA damaged fibroblasts (IL-6, IL-8, Mmp1, Mmp3; Ms) | Murano et al., 1991; Goldstein et al., 1994; Coppé et al., 2008b; Kuilman et al., 2008; Wajapeyee et al., 2008; Jun and Lau, 2010; Johnson et al., 2013; Chojnowski et al., 2015; Quan and Fisher, 2015; Ghosh and Capell, 2016 |
| Telomere-associated foci (TAFs) | RS fibroblasts (Bb) and ROT-treated fibroblasts (Hu) | CA skin (Bb) | Herbig et al., 2006; Jeyapalan et al., 2007; Waaijer et al., 2018 |
| mtDNA modification | UVI keratinocytes (Hu) | UVI skin (Hu) | Berneburg et al., 1997; Koch et al., 2001 |
| Chromatin modification | HGPS fibroblasts (H3K27me3; Hu) and OIS melanocytes (CCFs, H3, H4; Hu) | Nevi melanocytes (H3; Hu), CA skin (H2A.J; Ms, Hu), UVI and premalignant lesions (H2A.J; Ms) | Ivanov et al., 2013; Chojnowski et al., 2015; Contrepois et al., 2017 |
Hu, human; Ms, mouse; Bb, baboon; SA-β-gal, senescence-associated β-galactosidase; UVI, ultraviolet irradiated; RS, replicative senescent; OIS, oncogene-induced senescent; ROT, rotenone; CA, chronologically aged; SASP, senescence-associated secretory phenotype; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; mtDNA, mitochondria DNA; CCFs, cytoplasmic chromatin fragments; H3, histone 3; H4, histone 4.