Table 2.

Unadjusted associations of primary outcome (withdrawal of dialysis and death in either a nonhospital or hospice setting), and of component outcomes in patients on dialysis dying between 2000 and 2014 (n=1,098,384)

Characteristic	Subgroup	Primary Outcome (17.5%)	Dialysis Discontinuation (24.9%)	Hospice (14.7%)	Nonhospital (36.8%)
Minority	No	22.6	31.2	18.1	46.4
	Yes	10.9	16.7	10.3	34.4
	Non-Hispanic black	9.8	15.3	9.5	33.7
	Non-Hispanic Native American	14.2	23.3	11.1	40.2a
	Non-Hispanic Asian	11.2	18.4	10.6	34.5
	Hispanic	13.0	18.8	12.1	35.3
Era	2000–2006	13.5	23.1	5.9	35.8
	2007–2014	20.9	26.5	22.4	45.8
Age, yr	0–39	5.6	11.6	5.3	32.3
	40–64	10.1	16.4	9.6	36.3
	65–70	18.3	26.2	15.2	41.1b
	≥80	27.7	35.9	22.0	49.2
Sex	Male	16.6	23.4	14.5	42.2
	Female	18.5	26.7	14.9	39.9
Region	Northeast	16.3	24.6c	12.4	38.0
	Midwest	21.3	28.7	17.2	46.5
	South	15.8	23.1	14.4	39.2
	West	18.9	26.1	15.7	43.4
County type	Metro, ≥1 million	15.7	22.1	14.2	39.3
	Metro, 0.25–0.99 million	20.0	28.5	16.6	43.5
	Metro, <0.25 million	20.9	30.4	16.1	44.0
	Nonmetro	20.1	28.6	15.6	44.6
County Gini index	≤0.430	22.0	30.4	17.4	45.9
	0.431–0.453	19.6	27.7	16.3	43.3
	0.454–0.481	17.9	25.6	15.3	41.5
	>0.481	10.9	16.2	10.4	34.5
Cause of ESKD	Diabetes	15.9	23.1	13.3	40.3
	Hypertension	18.5	25.6	15.6	41.5
	GN	15.6	23.5	13.3	39.4
	Cystic disease	16.4	24.2a	14.6b	42.8
	Other	21.6	30.0	18.1	43.9
Years of RRT	<1	19.8	28.0	15.3	41.6
	1–2.9	18.3	25.8	15.0	42.0
	3–4.9	17.3a	24.5	14.9c	41.2b
	≥5	14.0	20.6	13.6	39.7
Type of dialysis	Center hemodialysis	17.7	25.2	14.8	41.1
	Home hemodialysis	12.1	16.6	12.7	39.8c
	Peritoneal dialysis	14.5	22.4	14.0	42.7
Prior transplant	No	18.1	25.7	15.0	41.1b
	Yes	7.2	12.6	10.4	41.5b
For-profit dialysis unit	No	18.5	27.2	14.4	42.6
	Yes	17.2	24.3	14.8	40.8
Dialysis unit affiliation	Hospital-based	18.3	27.7	13.1	42.6
	Independent	16.0	23.2	13.2	39.4
	Chain, 2–99 units	19.0	25.7	18.9	43.0
	Chain, ≥100 units	17.6	24.8c	15.0	41.2a
Insurance	Medicare parts A and B	17.8	25.5	14.5	41.3
	Medicare 1°, other	12.5	18.7	11.4	36.7
	Medicare 2°, employer group health plan	12.4	19.9	11.4	38.0
	Medicare 2°, other	19.3	25.2b	19.4	45.6
	Health maintenance organization	22.1	28.8	20.1	45.9
	90-day wait for Medicare	12.6	20.8	9.9	34.4
	Other	10.4	16.6	10.0	35.1
Conditions, last 28 d	Myocardial infarction	9.5	18.0	8.3	20.7
	Cardiac failure	15.8	25.3	13.1	31.5
	Stroke	16.0	28.8	13.1	26.6
	Malignancy	19.2	29.5b	16.3	35.2
	Pneumonia	14.6	24.8b	12.7	28.4
	Septicemia	22.8	31.8	22.2	39.1a
Number of conditions	0	19.6	25.4	15.8	50.3
	1	15.8	25.5	12.8	30.7
	2	15.7	25.8	13.6	29.8
Cause of death	Cardiovascular	8.3	12.9	7.3	37.2
	Infection	9.0	19.3	8.8	17.5
	Malignancy	33.2	42.1	34.2	59.7
	Uremia/withdrawal of dialysis	81.9	94.9	72.2	85.5
	Other	15.7	24.1	11.5	41.9

Northeast (states): Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin; South: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; West: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. Parameter estimates are row percentages. P values <0.001 for all comparisons unless otherwise stated. “Conditions” refer to patients with Medicare parts A and B with hospitalizations containing the following International Classification of Disease Clinical Modification–9 codes in the last 28 d of life: myocardial infarction—410xx (1≤x≤9); cardiac failure—428xx; stroke—434xx; malignancy—140xx to 209xx; pneumonia—480xx to 488xx; septicemia—38xxx.

^a0.01≤P value <0.05.

^bNS, P value ≥0.05.

^c0.001≤P value <0.01.