Table 1.
Participant anthropometric and breastfeeding characteristics.
| Characteristic | 2 Months a | 5 Months b | 9 Months c | 12 Months d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |
| (Range) | (Range) | (Range) | (Range) | |
| Mothers | ||||
| Weight (kg) | 78.8 ± 19.3 | 70.1 ± 17.8 | 63.0 ± 10.0 | 64.2 ± 17.3 |
| (57.5–116.2) | (53.7–115.3) | (50.4–121.9) | (51.4–121.9) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.2 ± 5.5 | 24.8 ± 5.0 | 22.7 ± 3.9 | 23.9 ± 5.9 |
| (20.4–35.5) | (19.0–35.2) | (17.9–37.2) | (18.2–37.2) | |
| Infants | ||||
| Sex (M/F) | 9M/6F | 10M/10F | 10M/9F | 9M/9F |
| Age (months) | 2.04 ± 0.14 | 5.16 ± 0.22 | 9.22 ± 0.27 | 12.26 ± 0.28 |
| (1.87–2.33) | (4.77–5.47) | (8.83–9.77) | (11.63–12.67) | |
| Length (cm) | 58.1 ± 1.9 | 64.8 ± 2.3 | 71.7 ± 1.9 | 73.6 ± 3.2 |
| (54.2–60.0) | (60.5–69.5) | (66.0–74.0) | (69.0–78.5) | |
| Weight (kg) | 5.630 ± 0.660 | 7.431 ± 1.134 | 8.836 ± 0.975 | 9.650 ± 0.618 |
| (4.420–7.400) | (5.808–9.510) | (6.675–10.095) | (7.165–11.085) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.6 ± 1.2 | 17.6 ± 1.9 | 17.7 ± 1.7 | 17.8 ± 0.9 |
| (14.5–18.1) | (14.9–20.4) | (14.2–20.2) | (13.7–19.2) | |
| Head circumference (cm) | 39.7 ± 1.6 | 42.1 ± 1.5 | 45.6 ± 1.7 | 46.6 ± 1.7 |
| (37.0–42.0) | (40.0–45.9) | (43.0–48.5) | (44.2–49.5) | |
| Breastfeeding characteristics | ||||
| 24-h milk intake (g) | n/a e | 818.8 ± 204.9 | 478.3 ± 154.0 | 451.1 ± 215.7 |
| (498–1185) | (300–775) | (255–795) | ||
| 24-h feeding frequency (MP) | n/a e | 8.1 ± 1.4 | 5.4 ± 1.3 | 4.4 ± 2.1 |
| (6–11) | (4–7) | (2–8) | ||
| Feeding frequency (SR) | 2.3 ± 0.4 f | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 2.9 |
| (1.5–3.0) | (1.5–4.0) | (2.0–6.0) | (2.2–12.0) | |
Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) and ranges. a n = 15; b n = 20; c n = 19; d n = 18. e Milk intake and feeding frequency as meals per 24-h was determined from 24-h milk production (MP) measured between 2 and 5 months (presented at 5 months here, n = 17) and within 2 weeks of 9 (n = 6) and 12 months (n = 8); n/a—not applicable. f Maternal self-report (SR) of feeding frequency at the time of the visit as a typical time between meals (e.g., each 2 h) (n = 11, n = 19, n = 17, n = 13 at 2, 5, 9, and 12 months respectively). BMI—body mass index.