Table 3.
Differences by infant age/lactation duration within measured human milk adipokines and breastfeeding parameters a.
| Characteristic | Months after Birth | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 and 2 | 9 and 2 | 12 and 2 | 9 and 5 | 12 and 5 | 12 and 9 | p Overall | |
| Milk components | |||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin (ng/mL) | −1.01 (0.96) b 0.72 |
−1.81 (0.98) 0.25 |
0.32 (1.05) 0.99 |
−0.80 (0.90) 0.81 |
1.33 (0.96) 0.51 |
2.13 (0.98) 0.13 |
0.13 c |
| Whole milk leptin (ng/mL) | −0.04 (0.05) 0.87 |
0.05 (0.06) 0.74 |
0.02 (0.05) 0.98 |
0.08 (0.04) 0.22 |
0.05 (0.05) 0.65 |
−0.03 (0.05) 0.92 |
0.29 |
| Skim milk leptin (ng/mL) | −0.06 (0.03) 0.22 |
−0.10 (0.003) d
0.009 |
−0.10 (0.03)
0.024 |
−0.04 (0.03) 0.52 |
0.04 (0.03) 0.68 |
0.01 (0.03) 1.00 |
0.012 c |
| Breastfeeding characteristics | |||||||
| Feeding frequency (SR) e | 0.46 (0.53) 0.82 |
1.40 (0.54)
0.045 |
3.14 (0.58)
<0.001 |
0.94 (0.46) 0.17 |
2.69 (0.50)
<0.001 |
1.75 (0.51)
0.003 |
<0.001 |
| Feeding frequency (MP) f | n/a g | n/a g | n/a g |
−2.81 (0.49)
<0.001 |
−3.71 (0.46)
<0.001 |
−0.90 (0.52) 0.19 |
<0.001 |
| 24-h milk intake (g) f | n/a | n/a | n/a |
−325 (64)
<0.001 |
−376 (64)
<0.001 |
−52 (69) 0.73 |
<0.001 |
| CDI of milk components | |||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin (ng) f | n/a | n/a | n/a |
−3902 (1390)
0.023 |
−4370 (1390)
0.010 |
−467 (1621) 0.96 |
0.004 |
| Whole milk leptin (ng) f | n/a | n/a | n/a | −100 (58) 0.22 |
−147 (58)
0.044 |
−47 (68) 0.77 |
0.039 |
| Skim milk leptin (ng) f | n/a | n/a | n/a |
−103 (29)
0.004 |
−119 (29)
<0.001 |
−16 (34) 0.89 |
<0.001 |
a Systematic differences in the measured variables between different months after birth were calculated using general linear hypothesis test (Tukey’s all pair comparisons). b Data are parameter estimate ± standard error of estimate and p-value. c Overall p-value is associated with age as reported in linear mixed model. d Bold text indicates significant difference (p < 0.05) between two time points or overall. e Feeding frequency was self-reported (SR) by mothers at the time of the visit as an average time between meals (e.g., each 2 h) (n = 11, n = 19, n = 17, and n = 13 at 2, 5, 9, and 12 months respectively). f 24-h milk intake and feeding frequency as meals per 24-h was measured at 24-h milk production (MP) and CDI calculated between 2 and 5 months (presented at 5 months here, n = 17) and within 2 weeks of 9 (n = 8) and 12 months (n = 8). g Results are not presented for impractical combinations; n/a—not applicable.