Table A3.
Associations between calculated daily intakes of human milk adipokines and infant characteristics.
| Predictor (CDI d, ng) | Between 2 and 5 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | p-Value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Intercept (SE) | Slope (SE) | Predictor | Infant Age (Months) | Interaction | |
| Infant head circumference (cm) | |||||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin | 43.00 (0.40) a | −0.00002 (0.00002) | 44.60 (0.56) | 0.0002 (0.0001) | 46.80 (0.59) | −0.0001 (0.0001) | 0.27 | <0.001 | 0.026 |
| Infant body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin | 16.90 (0.54) | 0.0001 (0.0001) | 19.0 (0.96) | −0.0002 (0.0002) | 20.10 (1.04) | −0.0006 (0.0002) | 0.18 b | 0.46 | 0.016 c |
| Skim milk leptin | 15.60 (0.77) | 0.001 (0.003) | 18.20 (0.95) | −0.002 (0.008) | 19.40 (0.84) | −0.016 (0.007) | 0.060 | 0.21 | 0.004 |
| Infant fat-free mass with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin | 5.97 (0.24) | −0.0001 (0.00002) | 6.68 (0.20) | −0.0001 (0.00002) | 7.58 (0.20) | −0.0001 (0.00002) | 0.005 | <0.001 | 0.80 |
| Infant fat-free mass index with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin | 13.70 (0.42) | −0.0001 (0.00004) | 13.30 (0.36) | −0.0001 (0.00004) | 13.80 (0.35) | −0.0001 (0.00004) | 0.009 | 0.060 | 0.056 |
| Skim milk leptin | 13.20 (0.59) | −0.0008 (0.003) | 13.40 (0.76) | −0.004 (0.006) | 15.50 (0.65) | −0.019 (0.006) | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.012 |
| Whole milk leptin | 13.00 (0.47) | 0.0002 (0.001) | 13.50 (1.08) | −0.002 (0.004) | 15.40 (0.79) | −0.008 (0.003) | 0.75 | 0.15 | 0.036 |
| Infant fat mass with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||
| Skim milk leptin | 1.06 (0.21) | 0.004 (0.001) | 2.74 (0.27) | −0.002 (0.002) | 2.15 (0.21) | 0.004 (0.002) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
| Infant fat mass with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (kg) | |||||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin | 1.48 (0.16) | 0.0001 (0.00002) | 2.23 (0.14) | 0.0001 (0.00002) | 2.07 (0.14) | 0.0001 (0.00002) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.19 |
| Skim milk leptin | 1.12 (0.21) | 0.004 (0.001) | 1.99 (0.16) | 0.004 (0.001) | 1.90 (0.14) | 0.004 (0.001) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.17 |
| Infant fat mass with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (kg) | |||||||||
| Skim milk leptin | 1.57 (0.26) | 0.003 (0.001) | 1.76 (0.20) | 0.003 (0.001) | 2.15 (0.19) | 0.003 (0.001) | 0.025 | 0.016 | 0.67 |
| Infant fat mass with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (%) | |||||||||
| Skim milk leptin | 20.40 (2.13) | 0.029 (0.009) | 23.80 (1.60) | 0.029 (0.009) | 22.90 (1.44) | 0.029 (0.009) | 0.001 | 0.067 | 0.13 |
| Infant fat mass with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (%) | |||||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin | 20.80 (1.54) | 0.0007 (0.0002) | 24.80 (1.30) | 0.0007 (0.0002) | 21.00 (1.24) | 0.0007 (0.0002) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.12 |
| Skim milk leptin | 20.00 (2.17) | 0.031 (0.009) | 23.80 (1.63) | 0.031 (0.009) | 20.50 (1.47) | 0.031 (0.009) | 0.002 | 0.032 | 0.032>0.43 |
| Infant fat mass index with ultrasound 2 skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin | 4.04 (0.41) | 0.0001 (0.00004) | 4.63 (0.34) | 0.0001 (0.00004) | 4.24 (0.34) | 0.0001 (0.00004) | 0.039 | 0.20 | 0.51 |
| Skim milk leptin | 3.08 (0.48) | 0.008 (0.002) | 4.09 (0.35) | 0.008 (0.002) | 3.82 (0.33) | 0.008 (0.002) | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.032>0.065 |
| Infant fat mass index with ultrasound 4 skinfolds (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Whole milk adiponectin | 3.62 (0.38) | 0.0001 (0.00004) | 4.40 (0.32) | 0.0001 (0.00004) | 3.60 (0.32) | 0.0001 (0.00004) | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.10 |
| Skim milk leptin | 3.10 (0.50) | 0.008 (0.002) | 4.01 (0.37) | 0.008 (0.002) | 3.31 (0.35) | 0.008 (0.002) | <0.001 | 0.012 | 0.29 |
| Infant fat mass index with bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Skim milk leptin | 3.97 (0.58) | 0.005 (0.003) | 3.64 (0.43) | 0.005 (0.003) | 3.88 (0.41) | 0.005 (0.003) | 0.038 | 0.71 | 0.55 |
a Parameter estimate ± SE; effects of predictors taken from linear mixed effects models that accounted for month after birth and an interaction between month after birth and predictor with a random effect for participant; if the interaction is not significant parameter estimates are taken from a model with no interaction. b,c Results are presented only for interactions or predictors with raw p-values < 0.05; after the false discovery rate adjustment the interaction/predictor p-values were considered to be significant at <0.016 for calculated daily intake (CDI) of whole milk adiponectin (indicated by the bold text), at <0.025 for CDI of skim milk leptin (indicated by the bold text) and at <0.036 for CDI of whole milk leptin and (none are significant; data not shown). d CDI were measured between 2 and 5 months (n = 17) and within 2 weeks of 9 (n = 8) and 12 months (n = 8).