Table A6.
Associations between calculated daily intakes of skim human milk leptin at given time points and infant body composition changes between the time points.
| Changes in Infant Characteristic | Months after Birth | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 and 2 | 9 and 2 | 12 and 2 | 9 and 5 | 12 and 5 | 12 and 9 | |
| Calculated daily intake of skim milk leptin (ng) between 2 and 5 months e | ||||||
| ΔWeight (kg) | 0.002 (0.001) a 0.097 b,c |
0.005 (0.002)
0.015 |
0.005 (0.002)
0.026 |
0.001 (0.001) 0.46 |
0.001 (0.002) 0.75 |
−0.0001 (0.001) 0.84 |
| ΔBMI d (kg/m2) |
0.006 (0.002)
0.021 |
0.004 (0.004) 0.31 |
0.002 (0.005) 0.63 |
−0.003 (0.003) 0.33 |
−0.005 (0.004) 0.23 |
−0.002 (0.003) 0.53 |
| ΔFat-free mass US 2SF d (kg) | −0.001 (0.002) 0.47 |
0.003 (0.001)
0.012 |
0.003 (0.002) 0.16 |
0.002 (0.001) 0.25 |
0.002 (0.002) 0.31 |
−0.0001 (0.001) 0.89 |
| ΔFat-free mass US 4SF d (kg) | 0.001 (0.001) 0.67 |
0.004 (0.001)
0.010 |
0.005 (0.002)
0.018 |
0.002 (0.001) 0.090 |
0.003 (0.002) 0.096 |
0.001 (0.001) 0.40 |
| ΔFat-free mass BIS d (kg) | 0.001 (0.001) 0.21 |
0.004 (0.002) 0.055 |
0.005 (0.001)
0.013 |
0.002 (0.001) 0.098 |
0.002 (0.002) 0.22 |
0.0004 (0.002) 0.81 |
| ΔFat mass US 2SF (kg) |
0.003 (0.001)
0.029 |
0.001 (0.001) 0.30 |
0.002 (0.002) 0.25 |
−0.001 (0.001) 0.50 |
−0.001 (0.001) 0.39 |
0.0002 (0.001) 0.76 |
| ΔFat mass BIS (kg) |
0.002 (0.001)
0.044 |
0.001 (0.002) 0.71 |
0.001 (0.001) 0.58 |
−0.002 (0.001) 0.18 |
−0.002 (0.001) 0.14 |
−0.0001 (0.002) 0.96 |
| ΔFat mass index US 2SF (kg/m2) |
0.007 (0.003)
0.047 |
0.001 (0.003) 0.76 |
0.001 (0.004) 0.88 |
−0.004 (0.003) 0.22 |
−0.005 (0.003) 0.13 |
−0.001 (0.002) 0.69 |
| ΔFat mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | 0.002 (0.001) 0.18 |
−0.002 (0.004) 0.61 |
−0.004 (0.005) 0.47 |
−0.005 (0.003) 0.13 |
−0.007 (0.003)
0.026 |
−0.002 (0.001) 0.23 |
| ΔFat mass US 4SF (%) | 0.007 (0.009) 0.48 |
−0.015 (0.017) 0.39 |
−0.020 (0.020) 0.36 |
−0.021 (0.014) 0.15 |
−0.027 (0.012)
0.036 |
−0.007 (0.008) 0.38 |
| Calculated daily intake of skim milk leptin (ng) at 9 months e | ||||||
| ΔWeight (kg) | n/a f |
0.026 (0.004)
0.007 |
0.033 (0.008)
0.025 |
−0.005 (0.006) 0.41 |
−0.006 (0.006) 0.39 |
−0.0006 (0.002) 0.81 |
| ΔBMI d (kg/m2) | n/a | 0.12 (0.04) 0.11 |
0.10 (0.02)
0.035 |
−0.01 (0.02) 0.50 |
−0.02 (0.01) 0.34 |
−0.004 (0.01) 0.70 |
| ΔFat mass BIS (kg) | n/a |
0.052 (0.012)
0.046 |
0.016 (0.026) 0.60 |
−0.005 (0.007) 0.47 |
−0.008 (0.005) 0.13 |
−0.003 (0.005) 0.60 |
| Calculated daily intake of skim milk leptin (ng) at 12 months e | ||||||
| ΔFat-free mass index US 2SF (kg/m2) | n/a f | n/a f | −0.025 (0.010) 0.13 |
n/a f |
−0.031 (0.007)
0.005 |
−0.013 (0.006) 0.081 |
| ΔFat-free mass index US 4SF (kg/m2) | n/a | n/a | −0.022 (0.017) 0.32 |
n/a |
−0.025 (0.002)
0.0004 *** |
−0.011 (0.009) 0.27 |
| ΔFat mass US 2SF (kg) | n/a | n/a |
0.010 (0.002)
0.022 |
n/a | 0.005 (0.004) 0.23 |
0.002 (0.002) 0.32 |
| ΔFat mass US 2SF (%) | n/a | n/a |
0.135 (0.041)
0.046 |
n/a | 0.061 (0.037) 0.14 |
0.022 (0.029) 0.49 |
a Parameter estimates ± SE and b p-values for associations between calculated daily intakes (CDI) of skim milk leptin at given time points and the changes (Δ) in measured variables between different months after birth. c Results are presented only for variables with at least one significant raw p-value (p <0.05, indicated by the bold text); after the false discovery rate adjustment, the predictor p-values were considered to be significant at <0.010 for CDI of skim leptin between 2 and 5 months (none are significant), at <0.007 for CDI at 9 months (none are significant) and at <0.005 for CDI at 12 months (indicated by the bold text and ***). d BIS—bioimpedance spectroscopy; BMI—body mass index; US 2SF—ultrasound 2-skinfolds; US 4SF—ultrasound 4-skinfolds. e CDI were measured between 2 and 5 months (n = 17) and within 2 weeks of 9 (n = 8) and 12 months (n = 8). f Results are not presented for impractical time combinations, n/a—not applicable.