Table 1.
Maternal lipid concentrations according to maternal and offspring characteristics.
| N (%) | TC Mean (SD) | ApoA1 Mean (SD) | ApoB Mean (SD) | TG Mean (SD) | FFA Mean (SD) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | (mmol/L) | (g/L) | (g/L) | (mmol/L) | (mmol/L) | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <25 | 40 (2.8) | 5.25 (0.85) | 1.56 (0.20) | 0.79 (0.16) | 1.71 *** (0.74) | 0.34 (0.20) |
| 25–35 (reference) | 1.122 (79.8) | 5.19 (0.85) | 1.62 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.42 (0.49) | 0.29 (0.21) |
| >35 | 244 (17.4) | 5.17 (0.81) | 1.58 (0.19) | 0.74 (0.15) | 1.46 (0.49) | 0.33 ** (0.19) |
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | 839 (59.7) | 5.24 ** (0.82) | 1.64 *** (0.21) | 0.75 (0.17) | 1.44 (0.49) | 0.29 (0.16) |
| ≥1 | 567 (40.3) | 5.11 (0.87) | 1.57 (0.20) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.43 (0.52) | 0.31 (0.16) |
| Education after primary school | ||||||
| 0–5 years | 71 (5.1) | 5.44 ** (0.99) | 1.60 (0.20) | 0.80 ** (0.20) | 1.63 *** (0.68) | 0.35 ** (0.18) |
| 6–10 years | 472 (33.6) | 5.26 * (0.85) | 1.63 (0.21) | 0.76 ** (0.17) | 1.51 *** (0.56) | 0.31 * (0.16) |
| >10 years (reference) | 861 (61.3) | 5.13 (0.82) | 1.60 (0.21) | 0.73 (0.17) | 1.38 (0.44) | 0.29 (0.16) |
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | 113 (8.0) | 5.38 * (0.88) | 1.57 (0.21) | 0.81 *** (0.19) | 1.68 *** (0.67) | 0.32 (0.17) |
| No | 1.293 (92.0) | 5.17 (0.84) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.41 (0.48) | 0.30 (0.16) |
| Alcohol intake during pregnancy | ||||||
| Yes | 465 (33.1) | 5.14 (5.14) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.73 * (0.16) | 1.37 ** (0.52) | 0.29 (0.15) |
| No | 940 (66.9) | 5.21 (5.21) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.75 (0.17) | 1.47 (0.46) | 0.30 (0.16) |
| pBMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <18.5 | 40 (2.8) | 4.99 (0.78) | 1.57 (0.17) | 0.72 (0.16) | 1.42 (0.47) | 0.32 (0.14) |
| 18.5–24.9 (reference) | 1.132 (80.5) | 5.14 (0.83) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.73 (0.16) | 1.41 (0.48) | 0.29 (0.15) |
| 25–29.9 | 195 (13.9) | 5.47 *** (0.90) | 1.59 (0.21) | 0.82 *** (0.17) | 1.53 * (0.56) | 0.33 * (0.18) |
| ≥30 | 39 (2.8) | 5.46 (0.72) | 1.61 (0.19) | 0.86 *** (0.18) | 1.72 *** (0.52) | 0.39 ** (0.26) |
| Weight gain since pregnancy | ||||||
| Weight loss (>−3 kg) | 174 (12.7) | 5.23 (0.89) | 1.60 (0.21) | 0.77 * (0.19) | 1.46 (0.48) | 0.35 *** (0.20) |
| Weight stable (+/−3 kg) (reference) | 832 (60.9) | 5.16 (0.85) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.42 (0.50) | 0.29 (0.14) |
| Weight gain (>+3 kg) | 360 (26.4) | 5.21 (0.81) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.75 (0.16) | 1.45 (0.51) | 0.30 (0.17) |
| Prenatal stress | ||||||
| Low | 385 (27.5) | 5.18 (0.78) | 1.60 (0.21) | 0.75 (0.16) | 1.47 (0.53) | 0.30 (0.17) |
| High | 1.017 (72.5) | 5.19 (0.87) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.42 (0.49) | 0.30 (0.16) |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Boy | 686 (48.8) | 5.15 (0.82) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.43 (0.47) | 0.30 (0.16) |
| Girl | 720 (51.2) | 5.22 (0.86) | 1.61 (0.20) | 0.75 (0.17) | 1.44 (0.53) | 0.30 (0.16) |
| Birth weight | ||||||
| ≤2500 g | 18 (1.3) | 4.89 (0.70) | 1.60 (0.21) | 0.70 (0.18) | 1.40 (0.55) | 0.28 (0.15) |
| 2500–4000 g (reference) | 1.119 (79.7) | 5.19 (0.84) | 1.62 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.43 (0.50) | 0.30 (0.16) |
| ≥4000 g | 267 (19.0) | 5.21 (0.86) | 1.57 ** (0.20) | 0.76 (0.17) | 1.45 (0.49) | 0.29 (0.15) |
| Exclusive breastfeeding | ||||||
| none | 214 (15.2) | 5.29 (0.84) | 1.61 (0.20) | 0.77 (0.17) | 1.46 (0.48) | 0.33 (0.19) |
| <1 month | 68 (4.8) | 5.17 (0.78) | 1.60 (0.19) | 0.75 (0.16) | 1.46 (0.50) | 0.30 (0.16) |
| 1–2.9 months | 374 (26.6) | 5.20 (0.86) | 1.62 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.40 (0.48) | 0.31 (0.16) |
| 3–5.9 months | 487 (34.7) | 5.13 (0.82) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.73 (0.16) | 1.46 (0.51) | 0.29 (0.15) |
| ≥6 months (reference) | 262 (18.6) | 5.20 (0.88) | 1.59 (0.20) | 0.75 (0.18) | 1.43 (0.52) | 0.30 (0.15) |
| Accelerated postnatal growth | ||||||
| Yes | 153 (14.0) | 5.21 (0.80) | 1.61 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.43 (0.50) | 0.29 (0.15) |
| No | 939 (86.0) | 5.16 (0.84) | 1.61 (0.20) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.39 (0.43) | 0.32 (0.19) |
| BMI at age 5 | ||||||
| Underweight | 143 (13.3) | 5.17 (0.81) | 1.61 (0.22) | 0.73 (0.17) | 1.41 (0.50) | 0.30 (0.16) |
| Normal weight (reference) | 868 (80.6) | 5.17 (0.86) | 1.60 (0.21) | 0.74 (0.17) | 1.44 (0.49) | 0.30 (0.16) |
| Overweight | 66 (6.1) | 5.39 (0.78) | 1.61 (0.23) | 0.79 (0.14) | 1.42 (0.47) | 0.35 * (0.21) |
Bold text indicates a statistically significant p-value; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; Accelerated postnatal growth: Δ (SDS weight 6 months-SDS 1 month) ≥ 0.67. ApoA1: Apolipoprotein A1 (g/L); ApoB Apolipoprotein B (g/L); BMI age 5: Body Mass Index age 5, categories according to gender-specific Dutch references. FFA: Free fatty acids (mmol/L); pBMI: pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index; Prenatal anxiety (STAI score ≥ 43); TC: Total cholesterol (mmol/L); TG: Triglycerides (mmol/L); weight gain since pregnancy: Δ maternal weight year 5–pre-pregnancy weight. All lipids interpolated to 90 days gestational age.