Table 1.
Age, inflammation, vitamin A status, and malaria among preschool age children, school age children, and women of reproductive age, Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project.
| Country, year | n | Age (Months) Mean (Min, Max) | RBP (μmol/L) Median (95% CI) | Serum Retinol (μmol/L) Median (95% CI) | CRP > 5mg/L Percent (95% CI) | AGP > 1g/L Percent (95% CI) | CRP > 5mg/L or AGP > 1g/L Percent (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preschool Age Children | |||||||
| Afghanistan, 2013 | 657 | 29.1 (6, 58) | 0.70 (0.67, 0.73) | 10.1 (6.9, 13.4) | 23.6 (19.3, 27.9) | 25.7 (20.8, 30.5) | |
| Azerbaijan, 2013 | 1053 | 35.6 (6, 59) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.03) | 8.1 (6.0, 10.1) | 29.9 (26.2, 33.5) | 30.9 (27.1, 34.6) | |
| Bangladesh, 2010 | 1493 | 8.3 (6, 11) | 0.88 (0.87, 0.90) | 14.3 (11.8, 16.7) | 33.4 (29.9, 36.9) | 35.8 (32.2, 39.5) | |
| Bangladesh, 2012 | 458 | 36.5 (6, 59) | 0.85 (0.81, 0.89) | 7.3 (3.2, 11.5) | 28.5 (22.6, 34.4) | 29.0 (23.1, 34.9) | |
| Cambodia, 2014 | 665 | 35.9 (6, 60) | 1.32 (1.23, 1.40) | 10.0 (7.3, 12.8) | 36.2 (29.5, 42.9) | 38.3 (30.6, 46.0) | |
| Cameroon, 20091 | 774 | 31 (12, 60) | 0.84 (0.82, 0.87) | 0.70 (0.62, 0.77) | 37.5 (32.7, 42.3) | 39.3 (33.7, 45.0) | 48.3 (43.1, 53.5) |
| Colombia, 2010 | 3794 | 37.6 (12, 59) | 0.85 (0.83, 0.87) | 18.8 (17.1, 20.6) | |||
| Côte d’Ivoire, 2007 | 733 | 31.7 (6, 59) | 0.89 (0.86, 0.92) | 40.4 (36.5, 44.3) | 64.5 (60.3, 68.6) | 67.5 (63.8, 71.3) | |
| Ecuador, 2012 | 2017 | 30.8 (6, 59) | 0.88 (0.86, 0.90) | 12.5 (10.1, 14.9) | |||
| Kenya, 2007 | 888 | 19.9 (6, 36) | 0.87 (0.85, 0.90) | 27.8 (23.9, 31.7) | 64.2 (60.2, 68.2) | 66.0 (61.9, 70.1) | |
| Kenya, 2010 | 843 | 21.4 (6, 35) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.87) | 34.2 (29.6, 38.7) | 60.7 (56.0, 65.4) | 61.9 (57.2, 66.6) | |
| Liberia, 2011 | 1434 | 19.9 (6, 36) | 0.85 (0.82, 0.88) | 29.5 (26.5, 32.5) | 56.2 (52.5, 60.0) | 59.1 (55.6, 62.7) | |
| Mongolia, 2006 2 | 202 | 20 (7, 36) | 0.79 (0.74, 0.83) | 26.2 (20.2, 32.3) | |||
| Malawi, 2016 1 | 1084 | 32.5 (6, 59) | 0.86 (0.82, 0.90) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.19) | 23.7 (18.6, 28.7) | 55.9 (50.3, 61.5) | 57.0 (51.2, 62.7) |
| Mexico, 2012 | 2512 | 39.1 (12, 60) | 0.93 (0.91, 0.96) | 11.6 (9.3, 14.0) | |||
| Nigeria, 2005 | 1420 | 33.4 (6, 60) | 1.22 (1.17, 1.26) | 24.0 (20.5, 27.5) | |||
| Pakistan, 2011 | 7318 | 27.3 (6, 59) | 0.67 (0.65, 0.69) | 35.3 (33.8, 36.8) | |||
| Papua New Guinea, 2005 | 871 | 31.4 (6, 60) | 0.87 (0.84, 0.90) | 31.6 (27.2, 36.0) | 54.1 (49.4, 58.9) | 57.0 (52.6, 61.5) | |
| Philippines, 2011 | 1767 | 15 (6, 24) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 13.9 (11.6, 16.2) | 21.2 (17.7, 24.6) | 26.0 (22.4, 29.5) | |
| Vietnam, 2010 | 360 | 37.3 (10, 60) | 1.16 (1.11, 1.21) | 12.8 (9.7, 15.8) | |||
| School Age Children | |||||||
| Bangladesh, 2010 | 1271 | 9.4 (6, 14) | 0.86 (0.83, 0.88) | 4.3 (2.0, 6.6) | 15.4 (12.1, 18.7) | 16.0 (12.6, 19.4) | |
| Ecuador, 2012 | 3281 | 7.6 (5, 15) | 0.92 (0.90, 0.94) | 7.7 (5.7, 9.7) | |||
| Malawi, 2016 1 | 750 | 9.5 (5, 15) | 0.98 (0.94, 1.01) | 1.11 (1.02, 1.19) | 16.2 (12.3, 20.2) | 32.9 (28.6, 37.3) | 35.0 (30.2, 39.8) |
| Mexico, 2012 | 3144 | 8.6 (5, 12) | 1.17 (1.15, 1.18) | 7.7 (6.4, 9.0) | |||
| United Kingdom, 2014 | 556 | 9.9 (5, 14) | 1.16 (1.12, 1.19) | 4.6 (2.2, 6.9) | |||
| United States, 2006 | 3089 | 10.8 (6, 15) | 1.33 (1.32, 1.35) | 6.6 (5.2, 8.1) | |||
| Women of Reproductive Age | |||||||
| Afghanistan, 2013 | 1046 | 30.9 (15, 49) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.19) | 12.8 (10.4, 15.2) | 11.6 (8.8, 14.4) | 19.3 (15.8, 22.8) | |
| Azerbaijan, 2013 | 2656 | 32.1 (15, 50) | 1.46 (1.44, 1.49) | 13.2 (11.3, 15.1) | 31.3 (29, 33.6) | 34.5 (32.0, 36.9) | |
| Bangladesh, 2012 | 897 | 29.7 (15, 49) | 1.12 (1.07, 1.16) | 5.7 (3.2, 8.2) | 12.8 (8.9, 16.6) | 16.7 (12.4, 20.9) | |
| Cambodia, 2014 | 705 | 30.2 (16, 49) | 1.96 (1.74, 2.18) | 9.5 (7.1, 11.8) | 33.5 (24.9, 42.2) | 36.7 (27.3, 46.0) | |
| Cameroon, 2009 1 | 751 | 27.2 (15, 48) | 1.44 (1.40, 1.48) | 1.24 (1.16, 1.32) | 17.8 (14.8, 20.7) | 7.2 (5.1, 9.3) | 19.7 (16.6, 22.9) |
| Côte d’Ivoire, 2007 | 816 | 27.6 (15, 48) | 1.49 (1.44, 1.54) | 19.7 (16.5, 22.8) | 26.9 (23.5, 30.4) | 33.7 (29.6, 37.9) | |
| Ecuador, 2012 | 5979 | 33.2 (19, 49) | 1.27 (1.25, 1.28) | 19.0 (17.1, 21.0) | |||
| Liberia, 2011 | 1875 | 28.6 (15, 50) | 1.33 (1.30, 1.36) | 14.3 (12.1, 16.4) | 10.4 (8.7, 12.2) | 18.5 (16.2, 20.8) | |
| Malawi, 2016 1 | 753 | 28.1 (15, 49) | 1.39 (1.34, 1.44) | 1.39 (1.26, 1.53) | 7.5 (5.1, 9.9) | 10.7 (7.5, 13.8) | 13.0 (9.6, 16.4) |
| Pakistan, 2011 | 5929 | 30.8 (16, 49) | 0.84 (0.81, 0.88) | 12.0 (11.0, 13.0) | 24.1 (22.7, 25.6) | 31.6 (30.0, 33.1) | |
| Papua New Guinea, 2005 | 749 | 29.1 (15, 49) | 1.61 (1.57, 1.66) | 10.0 (7.5, 12.5) | 21.8 (18.1, 25.6) | 24.8 (21.0, 28.7) | |
| United Kingdom, 2014 | 875 | 34.6 (15, 49) | 1.61 (1.55, 1.68) | 15.8 (12.5, 19.1) | |||
| United States, 2006 | 3145 | 33.5 (15, 50) | 1.74 (1.72, 1.77) | 25.7 (23.5, 27.8) | |||
| Vietnam, 2010 | 1434 | 32.3 (15, 49) | 1.62 (1.59, 1.65) | 6.7 (5.5, 7.9) | |||
1 Cameroon and Malawi’s serum retinol was measured in a subgroup (Cameroon N = 115 for preschool children and N = 104 for women; Malawi N = 73 for preschool children, N = 84 for school children, and N = 89 for women.); 2 Mongolia did not apply complex survey design.