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. 2018 Aug 4;10(8):1021. doi: 10.3390/nu10081021

Table 1.

Bioactive compounds from natural products that induce ER-stress-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer.

Family Name Compound Cell Line Duration/Dosage Mechanism Reference
Paris polyphylla Polyphyllin D NCI-H460 1.8 µM, 8 h CHOP ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑, PDI ↑ [105]
cleavage of caspase-3,-4,-9,-12 ↑, Bax ↑, Bcl-2 ↓
Saussurea lappa and Aucklandia lappa Dehydrocostuslactone NCI-H460 15 μg/mL, 1 h release of intracellular Ca2+ levels ↑, Δψm ↓, p-PERK ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑, IRE1 ↑, CHOP ↑, XBP-1 ↑ [106]
Cleavage of caspase-4 ↑, JNK ↑, MAPK ↑
ROS ↑
A549 15 μg/mL, 1 h release of intracellular Ca2+ ↑, Δψm ↓,p-PERK ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑, IRE1 ↑, CHOP ↑, XBP1 ↑
JNK ↑, MAPK ↑, cleavage of caspase-4 ↑
ROS ↑
BrefeldinA A549 1 µM, 36 h p-PERK ↑, IRE1α ↑, ATF4 ↑, ATF6 ↑, CHOP ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑ [107]
cleavage of PARP ↑, cleavage of caspase-2 ↑, Bid ↑
Oryza officinalis ω-Hydroxyundec-9-enoic acid H1299 500 µM, 24 h p-eIF2α ↑, CHOP ↑ [108]
cleavage of caspase-6,-9 ↑, cleavage of PARP ↑
ROS ↑
Curcuma longa Curcumin NCI-H460 25 µM, 24 h release of intracellular Ca2+ ↑, Δψm ↓, CHOP ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑ [109]
Bcl-2 ↓, Bcl-xL ↓, cytochrome c ↑, cleavage of caspase-3,-8,-9 ↑, BAX ↑, BAD
ROS ↑
Mylabris phalerata Pallas Cantharidin H460 10 µM, 24 h release of intracellular Ca2+ ↑, Δψm ↓, GRP78/BiP ↑, IRE1α ↑, IRE1β ↑, ATF6α ↑, XBP1 ↑, calpain ↑, [110]
Bcl-xL ↓, cleavage of caspase-3,-8,-4 ↑ cytochrome c ↑ BAX ↑, AIF ↑, Endo G ↑
ROS ↑
Curcumae Rhizoma Furanodiene A549, 95-D 80 µM, 24 h CHOP ↑, BIP ↑ [111]
Tanacetum parthenium L. Parthenolide A549, Calu-1, H1299, H1792 20 µM, 24 h ATF4 ↑, p-eIF2a ↑, eIF2α ↑ [112]
cleavage of caspase-3,-8,-9 ↑, cleavage of PARP ↑
Anacardium occidentale Anacardic acid A549 3.0 μg/mL, 18 h release of intracellular Ca2+ ↑, Δψm ↓, GRP78/BiP ↑, CHOP ↑, IRE1α ↑ ATF6 ↑, p-PERK ↓, p-eIF2α ↓ [113]
cleavage caspase-12 ↑

Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78); binding protein (BiP); protein disulphide isomerase (PDI); protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK); reactive oxygen species (ROS); inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1); ↑ - increasing concentration; ↓ - decreasing concentration; activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4); activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6); B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax); X-ox binding protein 1 (XBP-1); c-Jun-N terminal kinase (JNK); mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm); C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP); α-x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1); apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF); and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIf2).