Table 1.
Bioactive compounds from natural products that induce ER-stress-mediated apoptosis in lung cancer.
| Family Name | Compound | Cell Line | Duration/Dosage | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paris polyphylla | Polyphyllin D | NCI-H460 | 1.8 µM, 8 h | CHOP ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑, PDI ↑ | [105] |
| cleavage of caspase-3,-4,-9,-12 ↑, Bax ↑, Bcl-2 ↓ | |||||
| Saussurea lappa and Aucklandia lappa | Dehydrocostuslactone | NCI-H460 | 15 μg/mL, 1 h | release of intracellular Ca2+ levels ↑, Δψm ↓, p-PERK ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑, IRE1 ↑, CHOP ↑, XBP-1 ↑ | [106] |
| Cleavage of caspase-4 ↑, JNK ↑, MAPK ↑ | |||||
| ROS ↑ | |||||
| A549 | 15 μg/mL, 1 h | release of intracellular Ca2+ ↑, Δψm ↓,p-PERK ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑, IRE1 ↑, CHOP ↑, XBP1 ↑ | |||
| JNK ↑, MAPK ↑, cleavage of caspase-4 ↑ | |||||
| ROS ↑ | |||||
| BrefeldinA | A549 | 1 µM, 36 h | p-PERK ↑, IRE1α ↑, ATF4 ↑, ATF6 ↑, CHOP ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑ | [107] | |
| cleavage of PARP ↑, cleavage of caspase-2 ↑, Bid ↑ | |||||
| Oryza officinalis | ω-Hydroxyundec-9-enoic acid | H1299 | 500 µM, 24 h | p-eIF2α ↑, CHOP ↑ | [108] |
| cleavage of caspase-6,-9 ↑, cleavage of PARP ↑ | |||||
| ROS ↑ | |||||
| Curcuma longa | Curcumin | NCI-H460 | 25 µM, 24 h | release of intracellular Ca2+ ↑, Δψm ↓, CHOP ↑, GRP78/BiP ↑ | [109] |
| Bcl-2 ↓, Bcl-xL ↓, cytochrome c ↑, cleavage of caspase-3,-8,-9 ↑, BAX ↑, BAD ↑ | |||||
| ROS ↑ | |||||
| Mylabris phalerata Pallas | Cantharidin | H460 | 10 µM, 24 h | release of intracellular Ca2+ ↑, Δψm ↓, GRP78/BiP ↑, IRE1α ↑, IRE1β ↑, ATF6α ↑, XBP1 ↑, calpain ↑, | [110] |
| Bcl-xL ↓, cleavage of caspase-3,-8,-4 ↑ cytochrome c ↑ BAX ↑, AIF ↑, Endo G ↑ | |||||
| ROS ↑ | |||||
| Curcumae Rhizoma | Furanodiene | A549, 95-D | 80 µM, 24 h | CHOP ↑, BIP ↑ | [111] |
| Tanacetum parthenium L. | Parthenolide | A549, Calu-1, H1299, H1792 | 20 µM, 24 h | ATF4 ↑, p-eIF2a ↑, eIF2α ↑ | [112] |
| cleavage of caspase-3,-8,-9 ↑, cleavage of PARP ↑ | |||||
| Anacardium occidentale | Anacardic acid | A549 | 3.0 μg/mL, 18 h | release of intracellular Ca2+ ↑, Δψm ↓, GRP78/BiP ↑, CHOP ↑, IRE1α ↑ ATF6 ↑, p-PERK ↓, p-eIF2α ↓ | [113] |
| cleavage caspase-12 ↑ |
Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78); binding protein (BiP); protein disulphide isomerase (PDI); protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK); reactive oxygen species (ROS); inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1); ↑ - increasing concentration; ↓ - decreasing concentration; activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4); activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6); B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax); X-ox binding protein 1 (XBP-1); c-Jun-N terminal kinase (JNK); mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm); C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP); α-x-box binding protein 1 (XBP1); apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF); and eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIf2).