Skip to main content
. 2018 Jul 27;10(8):979. doi: 10.3390/nu10080979

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effects of luteolin-enriched artichoke extract and luteolin on the plasma glucose (A) and insulin levels (B), IPGTT (C), HOMA-IR (D), hepatic glucogenic enzyme activity (E), hepatic IRS2 gene expression (F), and plasma GIP (G), adipokine (H), and proinflammatory cytokine levels (I) in C57BL/6N mice fed a high-fat diet. Data are the mean ± SEM. Significant differences between the HFD and ND groups are indicated: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Bars marked with different lower case letters indicate significant differences among the groups based on the HFD (HFD, AR, and LU) at p < 0.05. Bars marked with the same lower case letters indicate no significant differences among the groups based on the HFD. ND, normal diet (AIN-76), HFD, high-fat diet (20% fat, 1% cholesterol), AR, HFD + 0.005% luteolin-enriched artichoke, LU, HFD + 0.005% luteolin, IPGTT, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, G6Pase, glucose-6-phosphatase, IRS2, insulin receptor substrate 2, GIP, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, IL, interleukin, and PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.