Table 1.

Examples of dietary compounds that regulate histone acetylation.

Phytochemical Class	Compound	Dietary Source	Acetyl Modification	References
Hydroxycinnamic acid	Caffeic acid	Coffee, potatoes, sunflower seeds, skin, of ripened fruit (e.g., berries)	↑ Class III HDAC (Sirts 1 & 3) activity, ↓ class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity	[72,73]
Hydroxybenzoic acid	Gallic acid	Black tea, berries (e.g., strawberries and blackberries)	↓ Class IIa & IIb HDAC activity	[74]
Flavonol	Quercetin	Teas, peppers, wines, onions, berries, apples	↓ Class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity, ↑ class III HDAC (Sirt1)	[73,75,76,77]
	Kaempferol	Teas, tomatoes, hops, grapes, grapefruit, strawberries, broccoli, honey, apples, beans	↓ Class I, IIa, IIb & IV HDAC activity, ↑ H3 acetylation; dock HDACs 2, 4, 7 & 8	[73,78,79]
	Myricitrin/Myricetin	Bayberry tree components, wine, berries, vegetables	↓ class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity	[73]
Flavone	Apigenin	Citrus, onions, celery, chamomile tea	↓ Class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity, ↑ H3 acetylation; dock class I HDACs	[73,80,81,82]
	Luteolin	Celery, parsley, broccoli, onions, carrots, peppers, cabbages, apples	↓ class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity, ↑ H3 acetylation, dock class I HDACs	[73,82]
	Baicalein/Baicalin	Scutellaria baicalensis	↓ class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity, ↓ HDACs 1, 4 & 5 expression	[73,83,84,85]
Flavanol (catechin)	EGCG	Green tea, black tea, apples, berries, chocolate	↓ class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity, ↑ H3 acetylation	[73,86,87]
Flavanolol	Dihydromyricetin	Ampelopsis grossedentata leaves and stems	↓ Class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity	[73]
Proanthocyanidin	Grape Seed	Grapes	↓ HDAC2 & HDAC3 activity, ↑ Histone acetylation	[88]
Quinone	Emodin	Rhubarb, aloe vera, buckthorn, knotweed, fo-ti root	↓ class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity, ↑ H3 acetylation	[73]
Stilbene	Resveratrol	Wine, grapes, berries	↑ Sirt1, ↓ H3 acetylation, ↓class I, II & IV HDACs	[89,90,91,92]
Curcuminoid	Curcumin	Tumeric	↓ HAT activity, ↓ HDAC activity, ↓ class I, IIa, IIb & IV HDAC expression	[93,94,95,96]
Alkaloid	Berberine Hydrochloride	Hydrastis canadensis, Coptis chinensis, Berberis aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata	↓ Class I & IIb HDAC activity	[73]
	Indirubin	Glastum, buckwheat	↓ Class I & IIb HDAC activity	[73]
Isothiocyanate	Sulforaphane	Cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli and cauliflower)	↓ Class I, IIa & IIb HDAC activity	[97,98,99,100,101,102]
Short-chain fatty acid	Butyrate	Bacterial metabolism of fibrous foods	↓ HDAC activity, ↓ HDAC4	[103,104]

↑ Increased; ↓ Decreased.