Figure 2.

Outcome categories and grain types studied in whole grain intervention trials, organized by trial duration. ¹ Acute: <1 day; ² Moderate duration: >1 day to 6 weeks; ³ Longer duration: >6 weeks; ⁴ Glycaemia/Insulinemia e.g., fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin, HbA1c, glucose turnover; ⁵ Appetite/satiety e.g., hunger, fullness, energy intake, ghrelin; ⁶ Cardiometabolic health e.g., blood pressure, lipids, inflammatory markers, oxidative markers; ⁷ GI function/microbiota e.g., transit time, laxation, fecal pH, bacterial composition, short-chain fatty acids, breath hydrogen; ⁸ Exercise Performance/Energy balance e.g., resting metabolic rate, energy expenditure, physical activity, exercise intensity, stool energy density; ⁹ Micronutrient Status e.g., concentrations of sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, zinc, minerals; ¹⁰ Weight/Adiposity e.g., body weight, BMI, body fat/adipose tissue, waist circumference, lean body mass; ¹¹ Mixed whole grain (WG) group includes combinations of 2 or more whole grains, whole grain diets and unspecified “whole grain” foods (ex: whole grain bread).