Assembly of the mitochondrial genome sequences of Platycodon grandiflorus. (A) Mitochondrial contigs that were utilized in the assembly of the complete mitochondrial genome. Blue and yellow bars indicate mitochondrial contigs used for extension, gap-filling, and merging. Black arrows indicate target locations of PCR primers used for validation. Primers 01 through 06 annealed within >1 kb contigs, and primers 07 through 12 annealed at junction regions between contigs or within <1 kb contigs; (B) PCR validation of the assembled master circle mitochondrial sequence. The 12 primer sets were used for genomic DNA PCR analysis. The sequences of PCR products of expected size were confirmed to be the same as the assembled sequences. M indicates the DNA ladder; (C) Schematic diagrams of the master circle and the minor circle of the P. grandiflorus mitochondrial genome, showing mitochondrial heteroplasmy in P. grandiflorus. The master circle consists of two regions, A and B, separated by the 21.8 kb large repeats R1 and R2. The minor circle contains only region A.