Table 2.
Lutein, zeaxanthin, and lipid serum concentrations and MPOD at baseline and after 4 and 8 months of supplementation.
| Group X (Xanthophylls) | Group A (Anthocyanins) | Group A+X (Anthocyanines + Xanthophylls) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | |||
| Lutein—baseline | 0.34 ± 0.21 a | 0.34 ± 0.14 a | 0.39 ± 0.22 a |
| 4 months | 0.95 ± 0.49 b | 0.34 ± 0.20 a | 0.81 ± 0.51 bc |
| 8 months | 0.95 ± 0.67 b | 0.36 ± 0.25 a | 0.78 ± 0.47 bc |
| Zeaxanthin—baseline | 0.11 ± 0.05 a | 0.10 ± 0.03 a | 0.11 ± 0.08 a |
| 4 months | 0.17 ± 0.86 b | 0.09 ± 0.05 a | 0.16 ± 0.13 bc |
| 8 months | 0.16 ± 0.08 b | 0.10 ± 0.05 a | 0.15 ± 0.08 ac |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin—baseline | 0.44 ± 0.24 a | 0.44 ± 0.16 a | 0.50 ± 0.29 a |
| 4 months | 1.12 ± 0.56 b | 0.43 ± 0.24 a | 0.97 ± 0.60 bc |
| 8 months | 1.11 ± 0.75 b | 0.46 ± 0.29 a | 0.92 ± 0.54 bc |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin/cholesterol + TG—baseline | 0.08 ± 0.04 a | 0.08 ± 0.04 a | 0.09 ± 0.07 a |
| 4 months | 0.20 ± 0.12 b | 0.08 ± 0.04 a | 0.17 ± 0.11 bc |
| 8 months | 0.20 ± 0.15 b | 0.08 ± 0.05 a | 0.17 ± 0.11 bc |
| Cholesterol—baseline | 5.54 ± 0.62 | 5.47 ± 0.70 | 5.78 ± 0.57 |
| 4 months | 5.80 ± 0.67 | 5.67 ± 0.67 | 5.85 ± 0.73 |
| 8 months | 5.72 ± 0.73 | 5.59 ± 0.88 | 5.59 ± 0.93 |
| HDL-cholesterol—baseline | 1.63 ± 0.34 | 1.71 ± 0.34 | 1.84 ± 0.36 |
| 4 months | 1.81 ± 0.47 | 1.74 ± 0.34 | 1.84 ± 0.39 |
| 8 months | 1.76 ± 0.39 | 1.74 ± 0.29 | 1.89 ± 0.36 |
| LDL-cholesterol—baseline | 3.45 ± 0.67 | 3.29 ± 0.67 | 3.50 ± 0.57 |
| 4 months | 3.50 ± 0.78 | 3.45 ± 0.67 | 3.55 ± 0.60 |
| 8 months | 3.47 ± 0.78 | 3.42 ± 0.86 | 3.29 ± 0.78 |
| TG—baseline | 1.06 ± 0.35 | 0.95 ± 0.38 | 0.93 ± 0.29 |
| 4 months | 1.07 ± 0.35 | 1.04 ± 0.38 | 1.03 ± 0.45 |
| 8 months | 1.07 ± 0.46 | 0.96 ± 0.35 | 0.94 ± 0.41 |
| MPOD—baseline | 0.31 ± 0.14 a | 0.31 ± 0.13 a | 0.34 ± 0.12 |
| 4 months | 0.38 ± 0.17 b | 0.27 ± 0.15 b | 0.34 ± 0.14 |
| 8 months | 0.34 ± 0.16 | 0.31 ± 0.15 | 0.35 ± 0.13 |
L, Z and L+Z are expressed in µmol/L; L+Z/chol. + TG are expressed in µmol/mmol; Chol, HDL, LDL and TG are expressed in mmol/L; MPOD in density units. Different superscript letters within rows mean significant differences (p < 0.05).