Table 3.
Mean postprandial hormonal responses to breakfast treatments (preloads and meals combined) over 150 min (n = 28).
| Hormone | Mean (SD) | Mean Difference (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water Preload + Rice |
Rice Preload + Rice |
Kiwifruit Preload + Rice |
Rice vs. Water | Kiwifruit vs. Water | Kiwifruit vs. Rice | |
| Insulin iAUC 1
(mU/L·min) |
5962 (2858) | 6552 (3437) | 5167 (2779) | 498 (−688, 1685) p = 0.296 |
−887 (−1894, 119) p = 0.152 |
−1385 (−2684, −87) p = 0.036 |
| Ghrelin (pg/mL) |
32.9 (25.6) | 35.1 (34.7) | 32.3 (21.2) | 2.2 (−2.5, 6.8) p = 0.359 |
−0.6 (−5.3, 4.0) p = 0.787 |
−2.8 (−7.4, 1.8) p = 0.235 |
| Glucagon (pg/ml) |
25.3 (10.8) | 24.3 (10.8) | 26.9 (14.9) | −1.0 (−3.0, 1.1) p = 0.353 |
1.6 (−0.5, 3.6) p = 0.134 |
2.5 (0.5, 4.6) p = 0.015 |
| GLP-1 (pg/mL) |
149 (44) | 137 (47) | 142 (41) | −12 (−18, −5) p < 0.001 |
−6 (−13, 0.3) p = 0.063 |
5 (−1, 12) p = 0.100 |
1 iAUC = incremental area-under-the-curve.