Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants grouped by stroke etiologies.
| CRS (n = 19) | LAA (n = 105) | CE (n = 205) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 69 (58–75)a,b | 69 (64–76)a | 73 (65–79)b | 0.003 |
| Male, n (%) | 9 (47)a | 76 (72)b | 96 (47)a | <0.001 |
| Initial NIHSS, median (IQR) | 16 (6–20)a,b | 12 (7–17)a | 15 (10–20)b | 0.004 |
| Occlusion in the anterior circulation, n (%) | 19 (100) | 88 (84) | 184 (90) | 0.081 |
| Risk factors, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 9 (47)a | 81 (77)b | 123 (60)a | 0.003 |
| Diabetes | 3 (16) | 36 (34) | 56 (27) | 0.190 |
| Dyslipidemia | 4 (21) | 22 (21) | 39 (19) | 0.912 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 1 (5) | 13 (12) | 31 (15) | 0.438 |
| Previous stroke | 4 (21) | 16 (15) | 44 (22) | 0.417 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 0a | 2 (1.9)a | 182 (89)b | <0.001 |
| Current smoking | 5 (26)a,b | 35 (33)a | 25 (12)b | <0.001 |
| Time from LNT to hospital arrival (hours), median (IQR) | 3.5 (1–7)a,b | 4.8 (1.5–11)a | 1.9 (0.9–5.7)b | <0.001 |
| Clear onset, n (%) | 12 (63) | 68 (65) | 149 (73) | 0.293 |
| Time from hospital arrival to groin puncture (hours), median (IQR) | 1.5 (1.2–1.9) | 1.6 (1.2–2) | 1.5 (1.2–1.8) | 0.292 |
| Use of IV fibrinolysis, n (%) | 3 (17)a | 40 (38)a | 114 (56)b | <0.001 |
Note: Between-group comparisons were performed with Kruskal–Wallis H test for continuous variables and with Pearson chi-squared test for categorical variables. When a significant difference was detected by the Kruskal–Wallis H test, multiple comparisons between the groups with different etiology using a Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and a chi-squared test or a Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables were used to identify the source of the difference. Values not sharing the same superscripts a, b, and c are significantly different at p < 0.05.
CE: cardioembolism; CRS: cancer-related stroke; IQR: interquartile range; IV: intravenous; LAA: large artery atherosclerosis; LNT: last normal time; NIHSS: National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale.