Table 4.
Metabolites assessed three times or more across different publications on urine biomarkers.
| First Author, Year | Amino Acids | Carbohydrates | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Histidine | Serine | Trigonelline | Tyrosine | Acetone | Cytidine | Methyladenosine | Methanol | 2,2,-Methylguanosine | Pseudouridine | |
| Nakajima, 2018 [47] | ||||||||||
| Deng, Chang, 2017 [48] | ||||||||||
| Deng, Fang, 2017 [19] | → | ↓ | → | → | → | → | ||||
| Wang, 2017 [49] | ||||||||||
| Rozalski, 2015 [50] | ||||||||||
| Wang, 2014 [51] | → | ↓ | → | → | → | → | ||||
| Eisner, 2013 [16] | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ||||||
| Hsu, 2013 [52] | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||||
| Yue, 2013 [17] | ||||||||||
| Chen, 2012 [53] | ↓ | ↓ | ||||||||
| Cheng, 2012 [54] | ||||||||||
| Wang, 2010 [21] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||
| Johnson, 2006 [20] | ||||||||||
| Feng, 2005 [55] | ↑ | |||||||||
| Hiramatsu, 2005 [56] | ||||||||||
| Zheng, 2005 [57] | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ||||||
Abbreviations: ↑, increased levels in cases compared to healthy individuals; ↓, decreased levels in cases compared to healthy individuals; →, significant differences between cases and healthy individuals (not reported if increased or decreased). Empty lines indicate that this specific metabolite was not investigated in the corresponding study.