Table 3.
Studies in which the contribution of vitamin D-fortified milk to serum or plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D status was evaluated.
| Reference | Country (Latitude) | Season Blood Drawn | Study Population | 25(OH)D Assay Method (Quality Control of Assay: Certificate; CV% <15%) |
Dietary Assessment Method | Serum or Plasma 25(OH)D nmol/L Mean (or Median *) |
SD (or IQR † or 95% CI ‡ or SE §) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children and adolescents | |||||||
| Abu Shady et al. (2016) [43] | Egypt (31° N) | April, May | 200 children, 9–11 years |
Quantitative enzyme immunoassay (na; na) |
Questionnaire | 41 | 14 |
| Barman et al. (2015) [50] | Sweden (63° N) | All | 165 children, 13 years |
LC-MS/MS (na; na) |
FFQ | 51 | 14 |
| Cole et al. (2010) [29] | United States (33° N) | All | 290 children, 1–5 years |
LC-MS/MS (na; na) |
3-day food record | 65 | 19 |
| Lee et al. (2014) [46] | Canada (43° N) | All | 2468 children, 1–6 years |
Diasorin LIAISON (na; yes except inter CV% 17.4% at high concentrations) |
Questionnaire | 80 * | 66–99 † |
| Mark et al. (2011) [30] | Canada (45° N) | All | 159 children, 8–11 years |
IDS radioimmunoassay (na; yes) |
3 × 24 h recalls | Winter/spring: 50 Summer/autumn: 58 | 10 15 |
| Munasinghe et al. (2017) [47,48] | Canada (various latitudes) | All | 2270 children, 3–18 years |
Diasorin LIAISON (na; yes) |
FFQ | 62 | 56–69 ‡ |
| Rodríguez–Rodríguez et al. (2011) [49] | Spain (40° N) | February | 102 children, 9–13 years |
Chemiluminescence (na; na) |
3-day weighted food diary | 50 | 16 |
| Rosendahl et al. (2017) [45] | Finland (60° N) | January–June | 171 children, 10 years |
Roche Diagnostics immunocheminuminescence (na; na) |
FFQ | 73 | 22 |
| Soininen et al. (2016) [31] | Finland (62° N) | All but July | 374 children, 6–8 years |
Diasorin LIAISON (na; yes) |
4-day food record | 69 | 24 |
| Öberg et al. (2014) [51] | Norway (69° N) | September–April | 890 children, 15–18 years |
LC–MS/MS (DEQAS; yes) |
Questionnaire | Boys: 41 Girls: 54 |
21 23 |
| Pregnant women and mother-child pairs | |||||||
| Charatcharoenwitthaya et al. (2013) [52] | Thailand (14° N) | Winter season: 72%, rainy season: 28% | 120 pregnant women, 18–40 years |
LC–MS/MS MassCrom (na; yes) |
Interviewed questionnaire | 1st trimester: 61 2nd trimester: 84 3rd trimester: 90 |
17 20 22 |
| Gharaibeh et al. (2009) [44] | Jordan (31° N) | June and July | 93 children (4–5 years) and mothers (mean age 34 years) dyads | IDS ELISA (na; na) |
Questionnaire | Mothers: 26 Children: 56 |
10 20 |
| Hauta–alus et al. (2017) [53] | Finland (60° N) | All | 584 newborns and mothers (18–43 years) | IDS–iSYS (DEQAS; yes) |
FFQ | Mothers: 89 Cord blood: 88 |
19 22 |
| Adults and the elderly | |||||||
| Burgaz et al. (2007) [56] | Sweden (60° N) | January–March | 116 elderly women, 61–86 years |
IDS EIA (na; yes) |
FFQ | 69 | 23 |
| Hobbs et al. (2009) [54] | United States (42° N) | April | 87 women, ≥18 years |
Diasorin LIAISON (na; na) |
Questionnaire | Unveiled subjects: 21 * Veiled supplement users: 17 * Veiled supplement non-users: 10 * |
14–34 † 10–29 † 5–17 † |
| Kinyamu et al. (1998) [41] | United States (41° N) | All | 376 elderly women, 65–77 years |
Competitive binding assay (na; yes) |
7-day food record | Supplement non-users: 74 Supplement users: 88 |
23 28 |
| Levy et al. (2015) [39] | United States (various latitudes) | February–April and August–October | 743 adults, 20–65 years |
Diasorin LIAISON (College of American Pathology; na) |
One week diet history | Summer: 101 Winter: 93 |
42 39 |
| McCarroll et al. (2015) [57] | Ireland (52° N) | All | 3 cohorts (1233, 1895, 1316) of elderly subjects, >60 years |
LC–MS (DEQAS; yes) |
Questionnaire | Supplement non-users: 46/61/68 Supplement users: 67/83/74 |
24/32/23 27/27/30 |
| O’Dowd et al. (1993) [40] | United States (41° N) | January–May | 109 elderly, >60 years |
Competitive binding assay (na; yes) |
FFQ or 3-day dietary record | All subjects: 45 Supplement non-users: 40 Supplement users: 65 |
2 § 2 § 3 § |
| All ages | |||||||
| Langlois et al. (2010) [55] | Canada (various latitudes) | All | 5306 subjects, 6–79 years |
Diasorin Liaison (DEQAS; yes) |
Interviewed questionnaire | All subjects 68 April–October 70 November–March 64 |
65–70 ‡ 66–74 ‡ 60–68 ‡ |
CI, confidence interval; CV coefficient of variation; DEQAS, Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme; EIA enzyme immunoassay; ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; IQR interquartile range; LC-MS/MS liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; SE standard error; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D. * Median; † IQR; ‡ 95% CI; § SE.