Table 1.
Fluorescent near-Infrared Dye and their characteristics.
| Spectra | Near-Infrared | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | ICG | OTL-38 | Quantum Dots | UCNP | Carbon Dot | AIE NP | Cornell Dots |
| Component | C43H47N2NaO6S2 | C61H63N9O17S4/4Na | CuInSe/ZnS(Mn) ZnSeHg | Yb, Tm, Er doped NaYF4 nanocrystal/NaLuF4 shell | Graphite core | Organic core | Cyanine 5 core and silica shell |
| Size (nm) | − | − | 9.0 (CuInSe/ZnS(Mn) 6.6 (ZnSeHg) | 30 | 11 | 46 | 5.5 |
| Coating | − | − | PEG | PEG | PEG | PEG | PEG |
| Targeting | − | Folate | iRGD | − | − | Folate | cRGD |
| Excretion | Hepatobiliary | Hepatobiliary | − | − | − | Hepatobiliary | Renal |
| Multimodality | − | − | MRI (Mn) | − | − | − | PET (124I) |
| Photostability | Low | Low | High | High | High | High | High |
| Excitation (nm) | 805 | 774 | 690 (CuInSe) 785 (ZnSeHg) | 980 (multiphotonic) | 633 | 635 | 650 |
| Emission peak (nm) | 835 | 794 | 685(CuInSe/ZnS(Mn)) >800 (ZnSeHg) | 800 | >710 | 810–815 | 670 |
| SBR of i.p. tumor | 2 ± 1 | 4.4 | 12 | >5 | − | 7.2 | − |
| Results in vivo | − | − | − | Passive accumulation in peritoneal tumors following i.p. injection | SBR ≈ 2 in subcutaneously injected matrigel | Allow the detection of sub-millimetric peritoneal tumors | − |
| Clinical | Low specificity | Improved cytoreduction | − | − | − | − | Preferential uptake of Cornell dots at the site of the disease, in vivo stability and safety |
| Reference | [47,48,49] | [50] | [56,57] | [58] | [59] | [60] | [61,62,63,64,65] |
Abbreviations: AIE: aggregation-induced emission; ICG: indocyanine green; i.p.: intraperitoneal; MRI: molecular resonance imaging; NP: nanoparticle; OTL: on target laboratories incorporated (West Lafayette, USA); PEG: poly(ethyleneglycol); PET: positron emission tomography; SBR: signal-to-background ratio; UCNP: up-converting nanoparticle.