Table 2.
Short-Wave Infrared fluorescent nanoparticles and their characteristics.
| Spectra | Short-Wave Infrared | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | IR-1050 | ICG | Quantum Dot | Lanthanide NP | Gold NP | Phage Stabilized SWCNT | AIE NP |
| Component | C41H40BCl3F4N2 | C43H47N2NaO6S2 | Ag2S InAs | NaYF4 Yb:Ln core doped with rare-earth NaYF4 shell | Gold | Pure carbon nanotube | Organic core |
| Size (nm) | − | − | 3.0–4.0 (Ag2S) 4.5 (InAs) | 9.0–11 | 1.6 | 880 × 6.5 * | 33 |
| Coating | − | − | PEG | Polymeric coating by poly(ethylene oxide) | Lipoic acid-based sulfobetaine | Phage M13 | Pluronic |
| Targeting | − | − | − | Folate | − | SPARC-Binding peptide | − |
| Excretion | Hepatobiliary | Hepatobiliary | Hepatobiliary (Ag2S) | − | Renal | − | − |
| Multimodality | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Photostability | Low | Low | High | High | High | High | High |
| Excitation (nm) | 790 | 805 | 808 | 980 | 808 | 808 | 630 |
| Emission peak (nm) | 1050 | 835 | 1125 (Ag2S) 1080–1330 (InAs) | 1185 (Ho doped) 1310 (Pr doped) 1475 (Tm doped) 1525 (Er doped) | 800–1400 | 1000 – 1300 | 808 |
| SBR of i.p. tumor | − | − | 14 (Ag2Se) | >3 | − | 8 | − |
| Results in vivo | − | − | i.v. injected Ag2S QDs passively accumulate in subcutaneous. murine tumor with a ratio of 10% ID/g tumors | i.p. injected lanthanide NPs accumulate, with or without targeting, in i.p. tumors from ovarian cancer OVCAR8 cell line | − | Effective imaging of peritoneal tumors after i.p. injection, with higher resection rate, especially for sub-millimetric nodules | SBR is 33 at the depth of 150 µm in mouse brain vasculature following i.v. injection |
| Clinical | − | − | − | − | − | − | − |
| Reference | [100] | [100] | [93,102,103] | [104] | [105] | [106] | [107] |
*—the size of carbon nanotubes is presents as height × diameter. Abbreviations: AIE: aggregation-induced emission; ICG: indocyanine green; ID: injected dose; i.p.: intraperitoneal; i.v.: intravenously; NP: nanoparticle; PEG: Poly(ethyleneglycol); QD: quantum dot; SBR: signal-to-background ratio; SPARC: secreted protein acidic rich in cysteine; SWCNT: single-walled carbon nanotube.