Table 3.
Adjusted* odds ratios of caregiver quality of life from high caregiving intensity by race/ethnicity, gender, age, and income
| Social Strain | Negative Emotional Burden | Positive Emotional Benefit | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | P-Value | N | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | P-Value | N | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval | P-Value | N | |
| ADLs | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 3.89 | (2.44, 6.21) | < 0.001 | 567 | 1.82 | (1.17, 2.83) | 0.01 | 567 | 0.96 | (0.58, 1.56) | 0.857 | 567 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White, NH | 3.85 | (2.17, 6.81) | < 0.001 | 366 | 1.92 | (1.09, 3.39) | 0.02 | 366 | 0.44 | (0.19, 1.02) | 0.055 | 366 |
| Black, NH | 5.04 | (1.78, 14.31) | 0.002 | 149 | 1.79 | (0.76, 4.20) | 0.183 | 149 | 2.68 | (1.20, 6.01) | 0.02 | 149 |
| Other | 5.83 | (1.05, 32.27) | 0.043 | 52 | 2.49 | (0.48, 12.98) | 0.278 | 52 | 0.59 | (0.11, 3.27) | 0.549 | 52 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 3.65 | (1.38, 9.65) | 0.009 | 196 | 1.36 | (0.58, 3.17) | 0.478 | 196 | 0.45 | (0.17, 1.22) | 0.118 | 196 |
| Female | 3.76 | (2.20, 6.44) | < 0.001 | 371 | 1.96 | (1.16, 3.31) | 0.01 | 371 | 1.30 | (0.72, 2.33) | 0.384 | 371 |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| < 45 years | 1.79 | (0.37, 8.75) | 0.472 | 79 | 0.75 | (0.23, 2.50) | 0.642 | 71 | 1.63 | (0.47, 5.66) | 0.439 | 79 |
| 45–54 years | 3.30 | (1.48, 7.33) | 0.003 | 200 | 3.14 | (1.47, 6.72) | 0 | 200 | 1.64 | (0.77, 3.50) | 0.204 | 200 |
| 55–64 years | 5.56 | (2.65, 11.65) | < 0.001 | 223 | 1.61 | (0.78, 3.30) | 0.196 | 223 | 0.42 | (0.14, 1.28) | 0.125 | 223 |
| 65+ years | 4.07 | (1.00, 16.58) | 0.051 | 65 | 2.75 | (0.48, 15.84) | 0.258 | 65 | 0.41 | (0.08, 2.14) | 0.289 | 65 |
| Income | ||||||||||||
| $0–24,999 | 2.68 | (1.16, 6.18) | 0.021 | 174 | 1.53 | (0.78, 3.02) | 0.218 | 174 | 1.10 | (0.51, 2.36) | 0.810 | 174 |
| $25,000-49,999 | 3.40 | (1.37, 8.46) | 0.008 | 130 | 1.52 | (0.58, 3.97) | 0.398 | 130 | 1.20 | (0.43, 3.40) | 0.726 | 130 |
| $50,000-74,999 | 2.85 | (0.81, 10.05) | 0.103 | 94 | 1.46 | (0.43, 5.01) | 0.547 | 94 | 0.48 | (0.10, 2.35) | 0.362 | 94 |
| $75,000 + | 6.46 | (2.50, 16.73) | < 0.001 | 169 | 2.71 | (0.98, 7.95) | 0.054 | 169 | 0.88 | (0.30, 2.62) | 0.822 | 169 |
| IADLs | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 2.90 | (1.80, 4.67) | < 0.001 | 567 | 1.48 | (0.94, 2.35) | 0.091 | 567 | 1.36 | (0.85, 2.20) | 0.202 | 567 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White, NH | 2.40 | (1.32, 4.37) | 0.004 | 296 | 1.60 | (0.88, 2.92) | 0.123 | 366 | 1.16 | (0.57, 2.37) | 0.675 | 366 |
| Black, NH | 2.27 | (0.86, 6.00) | 0.099 | 128 | 1.42 | (0.59, 3.38) | 0.432 | 149 | 1.73 | (0.78, 3.86) | 0.178 | 149 |
| Other | 31.54 | (3.30, 301.6) | 0.003 | 44 | 1.50 | (0.35, 6.47) | 0.591 | 52 | 1.53 | (0.40, 5.80) | 0.531 | 52 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 2.12 | (0.75, 6.00) | 0.157 | 174 | 1.04 | (0.40, 2.67) | 0.940 | 196 | 1.53 | (0.65, 3.62) | 0.335 | 196 |
| Female | 3.15 | (1.83, 5.42) | < 0.001 | 294 | 1.64 | (0.97, 2.79) | 0.065 | 371 | 1.27 | (0.71, 2.27) | 0.416 | 371 |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| < 45 years | 1.55 | (0.32, 7.49) | 0.584 | 79 | 1.59 | (0.50, 5.02) | 0.429 | 79 | 6.22 | (1.74, 22.15) | 0.01 | 79 |
| 45–54 years | 2.23 | (0.98, 5.06) | 0.055 | 200 | 1.87 | (0.84, 4.20) | 0.127 | 200 | 1.39 | (0.62, 3.10) | 0.429 | 200 |
| 55–64 years | 3.56 | (1.68, 7.52) | 0.001 | 223 | 1.04 | (0.49, 2.21) | 0.913 | 223 | 0.75 | (0.29, 1.89) | 0.536 | 223 |
| 65+ years | 5.34 | (1.08, 26.28) | 0.040 | 65 | 4.40 | (0.72, 26.84) | 0.109 | 65 | 1.23 | (0.25, 6.05) | 0.803 | 65 |
| Income | ||||||||||||
| $0–24,999 | 3.09 | (1.35, 7.09) | 0.008 | 174 | 1.64 | (0.83, 3.23) | 0.157 | 174 | 1.15 | (0.53, 2.47) | 0.723 | 174 |
| $25,000-49,999 | 2.50 | (0.94, 6.67) | 0.068 | 130 | 1.23 | (0.41, 3.87) | 0.718 | 130 | 1.90 | (0.60, 5.97) | 0.274 | 130 |
| $50,000-74,999 | 2.46 | (0.65, 9.29) | 0.184 | 94 | 4.02 | (1.11, 14.52) | 0.03 | 94 | 1.81 | (0.52, 6.35) | 0.352 | 94 |
| $75,000 + | 4.25 | (1.56, 11.54) | 0.005 | 169 | 0.72 | (0.19, 2.72) | 0.630 | 169 | 1.45 | (0.56, 3.78) | 0.450 | 169 |
| Hours of caregiving per week | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 4.88 | (2.91, 8.19) | < 0.001 | 562 | 2.57 | (1.60, 4.13) | < 0.001 | 562 | 1.42 | (0.85, 2.36) | 0.182 | 562 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White, NH | 7.49 | (3.82, 14.68) | < 0.001 | 362 | 3.23 | (1.69, 6.18) | < 0.001 | 362 | 0.73 | (0.29, 1.83) | 0.497 | 362 |
| Black, NH | 2.93 | (1.11, 7.76) | 0.031 | 148 | 1.98 | (0.85, 4.57) | 0.111 | 148 | 2.60 | (1.19, 5.69) | 0.02 | 148 |
| Other | 1.96 | (0.32, 12.01) | 0.469 | 52 | 1.98 | (0.44, 8.96) | 0.375 | 52 | 1.26 | (0.27, 5.77) | 0.769 | 52 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 4.93 | (1.66, 14.58) | 0.004 | 194 | 2.98 | (1.20, 7.38) | 0.02 | 194 | 0.45 | (0.15, 1.37) | 0.160 | 194 |
| Female | 4.69 | (2.59, 8.50) | < 0.001 | 368 | 2.36 | (1.35, 4.12) | 0 | 368 | 2.17 | (1.19, 3.93) | 0.01 | 368 |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| < 45 years | 1.97 | (0.39, 9.91) | 0.412 | 79 | 0.76 | (0.22, 2.66) | 0.668 | 79 | 8.49 | (2.19, 32.96) | 0 | 79 |
| 45–54 years | 4.07 | (1.68, 9.84) | 0.002 | 199 | 4.73 | (2.06, 10.88) | < 0.001 | 199 | 1.84 | (0.80, 4.21) | 0.149 | 199 |
| 55–64 years | 7.77 | (3.38, 17.87) | < 0.001 | 220 | 2.13 | (1.00, 4.57) | 0.051 | 220 | 0.27 | (0.07, 0.99) | 0.05 | 220 |
| 65+ years | 5.05 | (1.00, 25.60) | 0.050 | 64 | 8.43 | (1.25, 57.06) | 0.029 | 64 | 1.37 | (0.27, 7.03) | 0.706 | 64 |
| Income | ||||||||||||
| $0–24,999 | 3.45 | (1.45, 8.21) | 0.005 | 173 | 2.75 | (1.40, 5.41) | 0 | 173 | 1.96 | (0.95, 4.08) | 0.071 | 173 |
| $25,000-49,999 | 11.46 | (3.75, 34.97) | < 0.001 | 129 | 2.08 | (0.69, 6.27) | 0.195 | 129 | 0.71 | (0.18, 2.78) | 0.628 | 129 |
| $50,000-74,999 | 9.99 | (2.18, 45.76) | 0.003 | 94 | 4.04 | (0.93, 17.61) | 0.063 | 94 | 0.84 | (0.14, 4.88) | 0.842 | 94 |
| $75,000 + | 3.16 | (0.99, 10.07) | 0.052 | 166 | 1.60 | (0.40, 6.37) | 0.508 | 166 | 1.25 | (0.37, 4.18) | 0.721 | 166 |
| Years of caregiving | ||||||||||||
| Overall | 0.56 | (0.33, 0.97) | 0.040 | 498 | 1.23 | (0.77, 1.96) | 0.380 | 498 | 0.78 | (0.48, 1.26) | 0.308 | 498 |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||||||||||
| White, NH | 0.64 | (0.33, 1.28) | 0.206 | 325 | 1.39 | (0.76, 2.56) | 0.285 | 325 | 0.67 | (0.33, 1.36) | 0.266 | 325 |
| Black, NH | 0.48 | (0.17, 1.38) | 0.172 | 129 | 1.10 | (0.46, 2.61) | 0.836 | 129 | 0.68 | (0.30, 1.54) | 0.349 | 129 |
| Other | 0.29 | (0.03, 2.96) | 0.294 | 44 | 1.00 | (0.22, 4.54) | 0.996 | 44 | 1.48 | (0.35, 6.27) | 0.597 | 44 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||
| Male | 0.32 | (0.10, 1.07) | 0.064 | 181 | 1.07 | (0.45, 2.54) | 0.887 | 181 | 0.94 | (0.43, 2.06) | 0.885 | 181 |
| Female | 0.65 | (0.35, 1.22) | 0.179 | 317 | 1.31 | (0.75, 2.27) | 0.342 | 317 | 0.65 | (0.34, 1.22) | 0.181 | 317 |
| Age | ||||||||||||
| < 45 years | – | – | 0.998 | 67 | 0.80 | (0.24, 2.68) | 0.713 | 67 | 1.58 | (0.42, 5.88) | 0.497 | 67 |
| 45–54 years | 1.01 | (0.43, 2.39) | 0.985 | 174 | 1.59 | (0.70, 3.60) | 0.268 | 174 | 0.69 | (0.30, 1.59) | 0.384 | 174 |
| 55–64 years | 0.32 | (0.12, 0.83) | 0.019 | 203 | 0.99 | (0.49, 2.00) | 0.987 | 203 | 0.56 | (0.24, 1.33) | 0.190 | 203 |
| 65+ years | 1.73 | (0.39, 7.77) | 0.475 | 54 | 2.52 | (0.29, 21.98) | 0.403 | 54 | 1.31 | (0.33, 5.26) | 0.706 | 54 |
| Income | ||||||||||||
| $0–24,999 | 0.36 | (0.14, 0.93) | 0.035 | 146 | 1.13 | (0.56, 2.29) | 0.727 | 146 | 0.62 | (0.27, 1.42) | 0.256 | 146 |
| $25,000-49,999 | 0.28 | (0.07, 1.04) | 0.058 | 112 | 1.35 | (0.45, 4.06) | 0.590 | 112 | 1.40 | (0.50, 3.93) | 0.527 | 112 |
| $50,000-74,999 | 1.18 | (0.26, 5.39) | 0.828 | 85 | 1.39 | (0.32, 6.12) | 0.662 | 85 | 0.74 | (0.21, 2.65) | 0.644 | 85 |
| $75,000 + | 0.98 | (0.37, 2.63) | 0.972 | 155 | 1.47 | (0.53, 4.11) | 0.458 | 155 | 0.62 | (0.24, 1.61) | 0.324 | 155 |
Bolded results are statistically significant (p < 0.05)
*Adjusted for marital status, co-residence with care recipient, and each of the effect modifiers except the one being used in the individual effect modification model. For example, for the models stratified by income category - age, gender, and race/ethnicity are treated as confounders