Table 1.

Origin, FA content, and current/potential application of AX in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.

AX origin	FA content (μg/mg AX)	Currently/potential application in biomedical/pharmaceutical field	Reference
Nejayote/maize bran	0.012/0.025	Entrapment of probiotic	[32]
Nejayote/maize bran	0.012/0.025	Entrapment and controlled release of insulin and probiotics targeted to colon	[11]
Maize bran	0.34	Controlled release of insulin and β-lactoglobulin	[33]
Maize bran	0.25	Controlled release of insulin targeted to colon	[34]
Maize bran	4.0	Entrapment and controlled release of methyl xanthine	[35]
Wheat endosperm	2.3	Controlled release of proteins	[36]
Wheat endosperm	0.53	Entrapment of probiotics	[37]
Wheat bran	0.435	Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity	[16, 38]
Wheat bran	—	Prebiotic	[39]
Rice bran	—	Antitumor and immunomodulatory activity	[40]
Rice bran (MGN-3/Biobran)	—	Cancer immunotherapy Prevention and inhibition of cancer Synergistic effect with chemotherapeutic agents	[15, 41, 42]
Finger millet bran	0.001	Immunomodulatory activity	[29]
Ispaghula (Plantago ovata) seed	nd	Drug carrier	[31, 43]
Ispaghula (Plantago ovata) seed	—	Controlled release of mucoadhesive oral films	[44, 45]

nd: no detectable; −: no reported.