Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants (n = 1684)
| Characteristics | Total (n = 1684) | Men (n = 787) | Women (n = 897) | p | d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| 18–30 | 203 (12.1) | 70 (8.9) | 133 (14.8) | < 0.001 | |
| 31–40 | 182 (10.8) | 67 (8.5) | 115 (12.8) | ||
| 41–50 | 345 (20.5) | 145 (18.4) | 200 (22.3) | ||
| 51–60 | 340 (20.2) | 167 (21.2) | 173 (19.3) | ||
| 61–70 | 374 (22.2) | 206 (26.2) | 168 (18.7) | ||
| 71 or above | 240 (14.3) | 132 (16.8) | 108 (12.0) | ||
| Education | |||||
| 12 years or less | 761 (45.2) | 368 (46.8) | 393 (43.8) | 0.23 | |
| More than 12 years | 923 (54.8) | 419 (53.2) | 504 (56.2) | ||
| Employment | |||||
| Working/in education | 1127 (66.9) | 503 (63.9) | 624 (69.6) | 0.01 | |
| Not working/in education | 557 (33.1) | 284 (36.1) | 273 (30.4) | ||
| Depression | |||||
| Current self-diagnosed depression | 136 (8.1) | 48 (6.1) | 88 (9.8) | 0.005 | |
| Lifetime self-diagnosed depression | 487 (28.9) | 185 (23.5) | 302 (33.7) | < 0.001 | |
| Psychological factors | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
| General self-efficacy | 2.91 (0.6) | 2.97 (0.6) | 2.85 (0.6) | < 0.001 | 0.20 |
| Optimism | 2.89 (0.5) | 2.88 (0.5) | 2.89 (0.5) | 0.69 | 0.02 |
| Extraversion | 3.9 (1.8) | 3.6 (1.8) | 4.1 (1.8) | < 0.001 | 0.28 |
| Neuroticism | 1.9 (1.9) | 1.5 (1.7) | 2.2 (1.9) | < 0.001 | 0.49 |
Statistical tests are χ2-tests for categorical variables and independent t-tests for continuous variables. Effect sizes are calculated as Cohen’s d