Table 1.
Hydration in male versus female skin
| Reference | Number | Age | Location | Measurement Device | Male | Female | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Firooz et al. (2012) | 50 | 10-60 years | right side of forehead, cheek, nasolabial fold, neck, forearm, dorsal side of the hand, palm and leg | Corneometer (Courage & Khazaka electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany) | 48.42 AU | 49.06 AU | non-significant |
| Jacobi et al. (2005) | 6 women | 24.3 ± 0.8 years | flexor forearm | Corneometer CM 820 (Courage & Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) |
75.3 ± 12.8 AU | 72.7 ± 8.1 AU | non-significant (p > 0.05) |
| 6 men | 24.2 ± 0.4 years | ||||||
| Wilhelm et al. (1991) | 7 male | 26.7 ± 2.8 years | forehead, dorsal aspect of the upper arm, dorsal and volar aspects of the forearm, postauricular region, palm, abdomen, upper and lower part of the back, extensor surface of the thigh, and ankle (approximately 4 cm distal to the medial malleolus) | capacitance meter (Corneo meter CM 820 PC, Courage & Khazaka, Cologne, Federal Republic of Germany) | not available | not available | no significant differences |
| 7 female | |||||||
| 7 male | 70.5 ± 13.8 years | ||||||
| 8 female | |||||||
| Mac-Mary et al. (2006) | 80 | 56 ± 5.6 years | randomized forearm | Evaporimeter EP1 (Servomed, Stockholm, Sweden) | 33.33 (6.00) AU (baseline) | 34.50 (4.96) AU (baseline) | |
| to 40.19 (7.73) AU (after 21 days of natural mineral water supplementation) | to 37.41(6.97) AU | significant (p = 0.001 for male & p < 0.005 for female) |
|||||
| to 40.28 (8.25) AU (after 42 days of natural mineral water supplementation) | to 38.91(7.27) AU | significant (p = 0.001 for male & p < 0.001 for female) |
|||||
| Liu et al. (2012) | 168 | 19–75 years | forehead and the dorsal hand | multifunctional skin physiology monitor | not available | not available | significantly Lower on dorsal hand of sun-exposed subjects in aged females (p < 0.001) |
| Bailey et al. (2012) | 88 | 18-61 years | facial and abdominal skin | Corneometer CM825 attached to Derma Unit SSC3 (CK Electronic, Koln, Germany) | Jowl (50.01) AU | Jowl (54.60) AU | significant(p < 0.005) |
| Neck (49.66) AU | Neck (59.58) AU | ||||||
| Abdomen (33.05) AU | Abdomen(38.96) AU | ||||||
| Luebberding et al. (2013) | 300 | 20-74 years | forehead, cheek, neck, volar forearm and dorsum of hand | Corneometer® CM 825 (Courage & Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) | 48.76 ± 7.15 (CM Units) | 50.29 ± 5.88 (CM Units) | not available |
| Man et al. (2009) | 713 | 0.5-94 years | forehead and forearm (flexor site) | Corneometer CM 825 attached to a Courage & Khazaka MPA5 system | 43.99 ± 1.88 AU (13–35 years) |
36.38 ± 1.67 AU (13–35 years) |
significant (p < 0.01) |
| Li et al. (2014) | 43 men and women and their 43 consanguineous same-sex children | 40–50 years | face, décolletage, back of hand, outer forearm, lower outer leg, and heel | capacitance-based Corneometer ® CM 825, by Courage & Khazaka | not available | not available | Female skin was significantly more hydrated [décolletage in winter, hand in summer and winter), except for the heel that was dryer. |
| 18–25 years |
AU, arbitrary unit, CM, arbitrary unit