Table 1. Maternal and newborn characteristics (n = 1409)1.
| Characteristic | Mean ± SD or % |
|---|---|
| Maternal Indicators | |
| Age at baseline (y) | 25.8 ± 4.3 |
| Education (%) | |
| Primary school | 8.2 |
| Middle school | 54.5 |
| High school | 25.8 |
| College or higher | 11.6 |
| Primiparous (%) | 5.5 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 45.8 ± 5.4 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight <43 kg (%) | 32.2 |
| Height (m) | 152.6 ± 5.1 |
| Height <1.50 (%) | 30.3 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 19.6 ± 2.0 |
| BMI < 17.0 (%) | 6.7 |
| BMI < 17.5 (%) | 12.4 |
| BMI < 18.0 (%) | 20.8 |
| BMI < 18.5 (%) | 30.3 |
| BMI > 23 (%) | 5.9 |
| Gestational Weight gain (kg) | 10.0 ± 3.9 |
| Gained below IOM recommendation2 (%) | 69.2 |
| Gained at IOM recommendation (%) | 25.3 |
| Gained above IOM recommendation (%) | 5.5 |
| Fetal Indicators | |
| HC Z-score | -1.3 ±1.3 |
| BP Z-score | -1.4 ± 1.2 |
| AC Z-score | -1.2 ± 1.3 |
| FL Z-score | -0.3 ±1.4 |
| Child Indicators | |
| Female (%) | 49.7 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3080 ± 439.0 |
| Birth length (cm) | 49.0 ± 3.0 |
| Preterm birth (%) | 9.4 |
| SGA (%) | 11.8 |
| HAZ at 2 years | -1.26 ± 0.91 |
| Stunting at 2 years (%) | 22.2 |
1Acronyms: AC, abdomen circumference, BP, Biparietal diameter; BMI, body mass index; FL, femoral length; HAZ, height for age Z-score; HC, head circumference, IOM, Institute of Medicine; SGA, small for gestational age based on INTERGROWTH-21st project.
2Currently in Vietnam there are no local weight gain recommendations, thus we compared gestational weight gain in relation to Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations to define those above or below IOM recommendation [32].