Table 2. Risk of child stunting at 2 years of age by maternal preconception nutritional status.
| Model 1 BMI <17 kg/m2 |
Model 2 BMI <17.5 kg/m2 |
Model 3 BMI <18 kg/m2 |
Model 4 BMI <18.5 kg/m2 |
Model 5 Weight < 43 kg |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stunting | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) | IRR (95% CI) |
| Mother’s height < 1.5 m | 2.07*** (1.70, 2.52) |
2.09*** (1.72, 2.54) |
2.10*** (1.73, 2.56) |
2.08*** (1.71, 2.53) |
1.85*** (1.51, 2.28) |
| Mother’s BMI | 1.19 (0.84, 1.68) |
1.33* (1.03, 1.72) |
1.39** (1.12, 1.72) |
1.21+ (0.99, 1.48) |
—- |
| Mother’s weight < 43 kg | —- | —- | —- | —- | 1.35** (1.10, 1.65) |
| Weight gain < IOM recommendation | 1.27+ (1.00, 1.63) |
1.27+ (0.99, 1.61) |
1.26+ (0.99, 1.61) |
1.26+ (0.99, 1.61) |
1.28* (1.00, 1.63) |
| Child’s age | 0.86* (0.75, 1.00) |
0.86* (0.75, 0.99) |
0.86* (0.74, 0.99) |
0.86* (0.75, 1.00) |
0.87+ (0.76, 1.00) |
| Child as male | 1.29* (1.06, 1.57) |
1.28* (1.06, 1.56) |
1.29* (1.06, 1.57) |
1.29* (1.06, 1.57) |
1.31** (1.08, 1.59) |
| Mother’s education (college or higher as reference) |
|||||
| Primary school | 2.30* (1.26, 4.18) |
2.31** (1.27, 4.19) |
2.30** (1.27, 4.16) |
2.29** (1.26, 4.18) |
2.29** (1.26, 4.17) |
| Secondary school | 2.14** (1.26, 3.65) |
2.11** (1.23, 3.59) |
2.09** (1.23, 3.55) |
2.12** (1.24, 3.62) |
2.12** (1.24, 3.63) |
| High school | 1.70+ (0.98, 2.95) |
1.67+ (0.96, 2.89) |
1.64+ (0.95, 2.83) |
1.69+ (0.97, 2.93) |
1.69+ (0.97, 2.94) |
| Household economic status (highest as reference) |
|||||
| Lowest | 1.41+ (0.96, 2.07) |
1.39+ (0.95, 2.05) |
1.41+ (0.96, 2.06) |
1.41+ (0.96, 2.08) |
1.40+ (0.95, 2.06) |
| Low | 1.18 (0.80, 1.74) |
1.18 (0.80, 1.75) |
1.20 (0.81, 1.77) |
1.19 (0.80, 1.75) |
1.18 (0.80, 1.74) |
| Middle | 1.25 (0.85, 1.84) |
1.24 (0.84, 1.82) |
1.25 (0.85, 1.83) |
1.26 (0.86, 1.85) |
1.26 (0.86, 1.85) |
| High | 1.14 (0.77, 1.67) |
1.13 (0.77, 1.66) |
1.14 (0.78, 1.67) |
1.14 (0.78, 1.68) |
1.15 (0.78, 1.68) |
| Treatment groups (iron as reference) |
|||||
| Multiple micronutrient | 0.84 (0.67, 1.06) |
0.85 (0.67, 1.08) |
0.85 (0.68, 1.08) |
0.84 (0.67, 1.07) |
0.85 (0.67, 1.07) |
| Iron and folic acid | 0.85 (0.67, 1.07) |
0.85 (0.67, 1.07) |
0.85 (0.67, 1.07) |
0.85 (0.67, 1.07) |
0.85 (0.67, 1.08) |
Values are IRR (95% CI).
The five models are identical with the exception of different cut offs to define low maternal preconception nutritional status. The prevalence of women with BMI cut offs of <18.5 kg/m2, <18.0 kg/m2, <17.5 kg/m2, <17.0 kg/m2 is 30.9%, 20.8%, 12.4% and 6.7%, respectively. The weight cut off of 43 kg is the lowest tertile in population.
Significant differences from two-tailed tests
*** p<0.001
** p<0.01
* p<0.05
+ p<0.1.