Table 3.

Ordinary Least Squares Regression Models Estimating Mother’s Parenting Stress as a Function of Relationship History (N = 3,544)

	Model 1 Unadjusted relationship			Model 2 + Basic controls			Model 3 + Endogenous controls
Predictor	b	SE	p	b	SE	p	b	SE	p
Relationship history (ref.: churning)
Stably together	−0.184	0.034	***	−0.167	0.036	***	−0.107	0.039	**
Stably broken up	−0.140	0.042	**	−0.128	0.041	**	−0.084	0.042	*
Repartnered	−0.068	0.036	†	−0.055	0.036		−0.024	0.037
Mother race (ref.: non-Hispanic White)
Non-Hispanic Black				−0.022	0.033		−0.030	0.034
Hispanic				−0.053	0.036		−0.045	0.035
Non-Hispanic other race				0.078	0.066		0.063	0.065
Mother and father are mixed-race couple				−0.005	0.035		−0.013	0.035
Mother age				0.002	0.003		0.003	0.003
Father age				0.004	0.003		0.003	0.003
Mother lived with both biological parents at age 15				−0.005	0.025		0.007	0.025
Father lived with both biological parents at age 15				−0.061	0.027	*	−0.060	0.027	*
Mother educational attainment (ref.: less than high school)
High school diploma or GED				−0.132	0.030	***	−0.104	0.030	**
Some college				−0.177	0.034	***	−0.142	0.035	***
College degree				−0.136	0.054	*	−0.077	0.055
Father educational attainment (ref.: less than high school)
High school diploma or GED				−0.050	0.030	†	−0.047	0.030	†
Some college				−0.041	0.360		−0.032	0.036
College degree				−0.012	0.055		0.004	0.054
Child is firstborn				−0.026	0.026		0.007	0.026
Child is a boy				0.027	0.023		0.030	0.022
Mother and father relationship status at birth (ref.: married)
Cohabiting							−0.011	0.035
Nonresidential romantic							0.013	0.041
Separated							−0.022	0.049
Mother material hardship							0.031	0.008	***
Father material hardship							0.001	0.013
Mother employed							−0.063	0.024	**
Father employed							−0.026	0.034
Mother depression							0.206	0.032	***
Father depression							0.020	0.041
Child temperament							−0.088	0.015	***
Intercept	2.300			2.316			2.508
df	3,540			3,524			3,514
R2	.010			.028			.062

Note. Coefficients for stably together and repartnered are statistically different from each other (p < .05). ref. = reference category.

^†p < .10.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.