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. 2018 Aug 30;8:13064. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30875-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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BBB permeability increases following chronic restraint stress. (A) Representative images of leaking fluorescence-labeled dextran. The middle panel shows the raw images of the insert squares in the left panel. Time-lapse raw images were visualized with the color intensity scale, as shown in the right panel. (B) The intensity of fluorescence in the extravessel (left) and intravessel (right). The intensity of the 40-kDa tracer significantly increased in the extravessel area of the RS from 0 to 30 min. Arrows indicate time points for time-lapse raw images in right panel of A. (C) The permeability constant of the 40-kDa tracer (left) and 70-kDa tracer (right). CTR, control group; RS, restraint stress group; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.