Table 1.

Examples of foodborne disease outbreaks linked to leafy vegetables from 2000 onwards, starting with the most recent.

Year	Country	Product/crop	Pathogen	Isolation from implicated food	Cases (deaths)	References
2016	U.K.	Salad mix	E. coli O157	No	161 (2)	Public Health England (PHE), 2016
2015/2016	U.S.	Ready-to-eat salad mix	L. monocytogenes	Yes	19 (1)	CDC, 2016; Self et al., 2016
2015	U.K.	Pre-packed salad	E. coli O157	No	38	Public Health England (PHE), 2015
2014	Norway	Salad mix (probably radicchio rosso as it has a longer shelf-life than other ingredients in salad mix)	Y. enterocolitica O:9	No	133	MacDonald et al., 2016
2013/2014	Norway	RTE salad mix (imported rocket, baby spinach and red rhubarb, washed and bagged in Norway)	Salmonella Coeln (Salmonella enterica spp. enterica)	No	26	Vestrheim et al., 2016
2013	U.S.	Romaine lettuce (from Mexico)	Cyclospora	No	631	Buss et al., 2016a,b
2013	Sweden	Mixed green salad served at restaurant	E. coli O157	No	19	Edelstein et al., 2014
2012/2013	Canada	Lettuce served at fast food chains	E. coli O157	No	31	Tataryn et al., 2014
2012	Finland	Frisée salad from Netherlands	Cryptosporidium parvum	No	>250	Åberg et al., 2015
2012	U.K.	Pre-cut mixed salad (including leaves from growers in the UK, Spain, Italy and France)	Cryptosporidium parvum	No	>300	McKerr et al., 2015
2012	U.S.	Bagged salad (romaine, iceberg lettuce, cabbage, carrots)	E. coli O157	No	17 (2)	Marder et al., 2014
2012	U.S.	Pre-packed organic spinach and salad mix	E. coli O157	Yes	33	CDC, 2012b
2011	Norway	Salad mix containing radicchio rosso	Y. enterocolitica O:9	No	21	MacDonald et al., 2011
2011	U.S.	Romaine lettuce	E. coli O157	No	58	CDC, 2012a; Slayton et al., 2013
2010	U.S.	Romaine lettuce (shredded)	E. coli O145	Yes	27	CDC, 2010; Taylor et al., 2013
2010	Denmark	Lollo bionda lettuce (from France)	Entero-toxigenic Escherichia coli	Yes	260	Ethelberg et al., 2010
2008	Finland	Ready-to-eat iceberg lettuce imported from Central Europe	Salmonella Newport/Reading	No	107 (2)	Lienemann et al., 2011
2007	Sweden	Baby spinach (imported)	Salmonella. Paratyphi B variant Java (Salmonella Java)	No	172a	Denny et al., 2007
2006	U.S.	Spinach	E. coli O157	Yes	191 (5)	CDC, 2006; Grant et al., 2008
2005	Sweden	Iceberg lettuce	E. coli O157	No	135	Söderström et al., 2008
2005	Finland	Iceberg lettuce (from Spain)	Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104B	Yes	60	Takkinen et al., 2005
2005	U.K.	Iceberg lettuce	Salmonella Typhimurium DT104	No	96	HPA, 2005a,b
2004	U.K.	Lettuce	Salmonella Newport	No	>360	Gillespie, 2004; HPA, 2004; Irvine et al., 2009
2004	Denmark, Norway, Sweden	Rocket (from Italy)	Salmonella Thompson	Yes	100	Nygård et al., 2008
2003	U.K.	Iceberg lettuce (from Spain)	Salmonella Braenderup	Yes	29	Gajraj et al., 2012
2000	U.K.	Lettuce	Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104	No	361	Horby et al., 2003
2000	Iceland, U.K., Netherlands, Germany	Lettuce	Salmonella Typhimurium DT204b	No	392	Crook et al., 2003

^aCases also in UK and Denmark.