Table 1.
The fatty acids existing in fish oils for attenuating cutaneous photoaging.
| Composition | Experimental Model | UV Type | Benefit | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DHA and EPA | Keratinocytes and skin fibroblasts | UV 270–400 nm, 25–100 mJ/cm2 | Reduced IL-8 | Storey et al. [43] |
| DHA | Keratinocytes | UV 290–400 nm, 10–60 mJ/cm2 | Reverted cell resistance to UV-induced apoptosis | Serini et al. [44] |
| EPA | Skin fibroblasts | UV 275–380 nm, 25–75 mJ/cm2 | Reduced MMP-1, ERK, and JNK | Kim et al. [46] |
| EPA | BALB/c mouse with ear edema | UVB, 500 mJ/cm2 | Suppressed ear edema by oral EPA administration | Danno et al. [47] |
| DHA | Hairless mouse with skin inflammation | UVB 312 nm, 180 mJ/cm2 | Decreased COX-2 and NOX-4 by blocking MSK1 | Rahman et al. [48] |
| DHA | Hairless mouse with skin inflammation | UVB 312 nm, 180 mJ/cm2 | Elevated Nrf2 activation and upregulation of cytoprotective genes | Yum et al. [50] |
| Fish oil rich of DHA and EPA | Human | UVB with a filter to eliminate wavelengths <295 nm | Increased minimal erythema dose and decreased serum triglyceride | Orengo et al. [51] |
| Fish oil rich in DHA and EPA | Human | UV 270–400 nm | Increased minimal erythema dose and decreased PGE2 | Rhodes et al. [52] |
| Fish oils from mackerel, sardine, and horse mackerel | Human | Broadband UVB, doubled MED | Inhibited UVB-induced erythema | Puglia et al., [53] |
| Ethyl esters of EPA and oleic acid | Human | UV 270–400 nm | Increased minimal erythema dose and decreased PGE2 | Shahbakhti et al. [54] |
| EPA | Human | UV 270–400 nm, 4 × MED | No function on Langerhans cell migration and PGD2 expression | Pilkington et al. [56] |
| EPA | Human | UV 285–350 nm | Decreased epidermal thickness, procollagen, COX-2, and MMPs | Kim et al. [57] |
| LA and ALA | Hairless mouse | UVB at 312.5 nm, 3.6 × MED | Lowered erythema score and PGE2 in skin | Takemura et al. [58] |
| Conjugated LA | Keratinocytes | UV 270–400 nm, 25–100 mJ/cm2 | Reduced IL-8 and PGE2 | Storey et al. [61] |
COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; JNK, Jun-N-terminal kinase; LA, linoleic acid; MED, minimal erythema dose; MMP, metalloproteinases; MSK1, stress-activated kinase-1; NOX-4, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH): oxidase-4; PGD2, prostaglandin D2; PGE2, prostaglandin E2.