Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants and associations with Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis infection, Gaborone, Botswana. (N=400)
| Total sample (n=400) |
An STI* (n=54) |
CT (n=31) | NG (n=5) | TV (n=21) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||||||
| n | % | n | % | ρ | n | % | ρ | n | % | ρ | n | % | ρ | |
| Age, Median [range] | 30 | [19–45] | 29 | [19–43] | 28 | [19–40] | † | 22 | [21–39] | 31 | [21–43] | |||
| 18–25 years | 95 | (23.8) | 17 | (17.9) | 12 | (12.6) | 3 | (3.2) | 4 | (4.2) | ||||
| 26–35 years | 221 | (55.3) | 25 | (11.3) | 14 | (6.3) | 1 | (0.5) | 11 | (5.0) | ||||
| >35 years | 84 | (21.0) | 12 | (14.3) | 5 | (6.0) | 1 | (1.2) | 6 | (7.1) | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Marital Status (n=396) | ‡ | ‡ | ||||||||||||
| Unmarried | 307 | (76.8) | 49 | (16.0) | 27 | (8.8) | 5 | (1.6) | 20 | (6.5) | ||||
| Married | 89 | (22.3) | 5 | (5.6) | 4 | (4.5) | 0 | (0) | 1 | (1.1) | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Education (n=392) | † | ‡ | ||||||||||||
| Junior secondary or less | 118 | (29.5) | 22 | (18.6) | 9 | (7.6) | 2 | (1.7) | 12 | (10.2) | ||||
| Senior secondary | 114 | (28.5) | 17 | (14.9) | 12 | (10.5) | 0 | (0) | 5 | (4.4) | ||||
| Tertiary | 160 | (40.0) | 15 | (9.4) | 10 | (6.3) | 3 | (1.2.5) | 4 | (2.5) | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Gestational Age weeks (LNMP), Median [range] | 26 | [5–36] | 28 | [8–35] | 28 | [8–35] | 22 | [11–32] | 29 | [14–34] | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Prior pregnancies, Median [range] | 1 | [0–10] | 1 | [0–5] | 1 | [0–5] | 1 | [0–1] | 2 | [0–5] | ||||
| Prior births, Median [range] | 1 | [0–7] | 1 | [0–5] | 1 | [0–5] | 1 | [0–1] | 2 | [0–5] | ||||
| 1 or more births | 261 | (65.3) | 37 | (14.1) | 20 | (7.7) | 3 | (1.1) | 16 | (6.1) | ||||
| Prior preterm birth | 64 | (24.5) | 12 | (18.8) | 10 | (15.6) | ‡ | 1 | (1.6) | 3 | (4.7) | |||
| No prior preterm birth | 192 | (73.5) | 25 | (13.0) | 10 | (5.2) | 2 | (1.0) | 13 | (6.8) | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Current CT/NG/TV symptoms | 165 | (41.3) | 22 | (13.0) | 10 | (6.0) | 3 | (1.8) | 10 | (6.1) | ||||
| Vaginal discharge | 107 | (26.8) | 15 | (14.0) | 8 | (7.5) | 2 | (1.9) | 6 | (5.6) | ||||
| lower abdominal pain | 88 | (22.0) | 9 | (10.2) | 2 | (2.3) | 1 | (1.1) | 6 | (6.8) | ||||
| Painful urination | 16 | (4.0) | 2 | (12.5) | 2 | (12.5) | 0 | (0) | 0 | (0) | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Treated syndromicly during pregnancy | 48 | (12.0) | 8 | (16.7) | 5 | (10.4) | 1 | (2.0) | 2 | (4.2) | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Condom use before pregnancy** | ||||||||||||||
| Never | 110 | (27.5) | 14 | (12.7) | 8 | (7.3) | 1 | (0.9) | 5 | (4.5) | ||||
| Sometimes | 185 | (46.3) | 28 | (15.1) | 17 | (9.2) | 2 | (1.1) | 10 | (5.4) | ||||
| Always | 98 | (24.5) | 12 | (12.6) | 6 | (6.3) | 2 | (2.0) | 6 | (6.1) | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| Condom use during pregnancy | ||||||||||||||
| Never | 188 | (47.0) | 30 | (16.0) | 16 | (8.5) | 4 | (2.1) | 13 | (6.9) | ||||
| Sometimes | 83 | (20.8) | 9 | (10.8) | 6 | (7.2) | 0 | (0) | 3 | (4.6) | ||||
| Always | 75 | (18.8) | 12 | (16.0) | 7 | (9.3) | 1 | (1.3) | 4 | (5.3) | ||||
|
| ||||||||||||||
| HIV infection status | ‡ | ‡ | ||||||||||||
| Infected | 90 | (22.5) | 21 | (23.3) | 10 | (11.1) | 2 | (2.2) | 9 | (10.0) | ||||
| Uninfected | 305 | (76.3) | 32 | 10.5) | 20 | (6.6) | 3 | 1.0) | 12 | (3.9) | ||||
Notes:
An STI means diagnosed with CT, NG, and/or TV infection. LNMP stands for last normal menstrual period.
Women were asked about condom use during the 3 months prior to the pregnancy or trying for the pregnancy. Ranges are in brackets. Percentages are in parentheses, may not add up to 100 due to rounding. The denominator for the total sample column is 400. For the remaining columns, the denominators are derived from the row values in the total sample column.
represent p ≤0.05 and
represents p<0.1, which resulted from Student's T-test, Chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test. CT, NG, and/or TV symptoms include vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain and painful urination.