Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants (n = 101)
| Women | Men | |
|---|---|---|
| n = 56 | n = 45 | |
| Age (y) | 68.2 ± 4.4 | 70.9 ± 6.8 |
| Body mass (kg) | 71.1 ± 12.8 | 83.7 ± 14*** |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 28.3 ± 4.7 | 28.5 ± 4.0 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.5 ± 10.8 | 101 ± 10.6*** |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.99 ± 0.06*** |
| Body fat % | 43.1 ± 8.1 | 24.75 ± 4.6*** |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 42.6 ± 3.9 (n = 52) | 60.3 ± 8.9 (n = 41)*** |
| Fat free mass (%) | 61.1 ± 6.8 (n = 52) | 73.1 ± 4.7 (n = 41)*** |
| Fat mass (kg) | 28.3 ± 9.9 (n = 52) | 22.7 ± 7.3 (n = 41)** |
| Fat mass (%) | 38.9 ± 6.8 (n = 52) | 26.9 ± 4.7 (n = 41)*** |
| Muscle mass (kg) | 18.1 ± 1.8 (n = 52) | 29.4 ± 4.1 (n = 41)*** |
| ADL (pts) | 5.8 ± 0.4 | 5.9 ± 0.23 |
| IADL (pts) | 7.9 ± 0.2 | 7.93 ± 0.27 |
| Timed Up & Go test (s) | 6.2 ± 0.97 | 6.53 ± 1.99 |
| Tinetti test (pts) | 27.6 ± 1.1 | 27.58 ± 1.7 |
| MMSE (pts) | 29.9 ± 0.1 | 29.4 ± 1.2*** |
| GDS (pts) | 2.8 ± 2.6 | 2.33 ± 2.53 |
| Falls (n/year) | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 0.24 ± 0.5* |
| Handgrip strength L (kG) | 29.5 ± 6.7 | 45.6 ± 9.97*** |
| Handgrip strength R (kG) | 30.5 ± 7.3 | 47.4 ± 10.8*** |
| Leg Extension 1RM R (kG) | 32.3 ± 9.4 | 55.5 ± 13.4*** |
| Leg Extension 1RM L (kG) | 31.2 ± 8.8 | 54.1 ± 13.5*** |
| Leg Press 1RM (kG) | 134.1 ± 30.9 | 215.8 ± 56.3*** |
| P40% LE R (W) | 138.6 ± 41.5 | 260.7 ± 76.9*** |
| P70% LE R (W) | 154.5 ± 47.9 | 302.1 ± 87.7*** |
| P40% LE L (W) | 133.9 ± 40.2 | 242.8 ± 72.7*** |
| P70% LE L (W) | 144.5 ± 44.1 | 272.1 ± 83.6*** |
| P40% LP (W) | 612.4 ± 175.9 | 1165.8 ± 321.8*** |
| P70% LP (W) | 695.7 ± 202 | 1259.3 ± 338.1*** |
| Pmax (W) | 271.4 ± 88.4 | 446.2 ± 159.5*** |
| Pmax·kg−1 (W·kg−1) | 3.9 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 1.9*** |
| υopt (rpm) | 71.5 ± 12.6 | 83.7 ± 18.2*** |
| Myostatin (ng/ml) | 42.9 ± 25.6 | 39.8 ± 17.4 |
| Follistatin (pg/ml) | 1429.6 ± 436.9 | 1695.5 ± 659.6* |
| GDF11 (pg/ml) | 52.5 ± 24.2 | 40.2 ± 19.4* |
Data presented as mean + SD
Note. ADL Activities of daily living, GDF11 growth/differentiation factor 11, GDS Geriatric Depression Scale, IADL Instrumental Activities of daily living, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001