Table 2.
Study design, PTTD diagnosis, clinical impairments and participant characteristics, which are presented as mean (SD) or count (percentage)
| Study ID | Study design | Diagnosis | Selection criteria for PTTD | Clinical impairments | PTTD | Control | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Female (%) | Age years | BMI kg/m | n | Female (%) | Age years | BMI kg/m | |||||
| Chimenti 25 | Cross-sectional laboratory | Stage II AAFD | 1 or more signs of tendinopathy (tenderness, swelling or pain with unilateral heel raise) and 1 or more signs of flexible flatfoot deformity (excessive non-fixed hindfoot eversion, excessive first metatarsal abduction or loss of medial longitudinal arch height) | Function & strength, Foot posture, PROM | 20 | 14 (70) | 57 (11.3) | 30 (5.2) | 15 | 11 (73) | 56 (5.3) | 26 (4.4) |
| Houck 30 | Cross-sectional laboratory | Unilateral stage II PTTD | 1 or more signs of tendinopathy (tenderness, swelling or pain with unilateral heel raise) and 1 or more signs of flexible flatfoot deformity (excessive non-fixed hindfoot eversion, excessive first metatarsal abduction or loss of medial longitudinal arch height) | Foot posture | 30 | 22 (73) | 59.3 (10.8) | 29.6 (4.8) | 15 | 14 (93) | 56.5 (7.7) | 30.5 (3.6) |
| Houck 29 | Cross-sectional laboratory | Unilateral stage II PTTD | 1 or more signs of tendinopathy (tenderness, swelling or pain with unilateral heel raise) and 1 or more signs of flexible flatfoot deformity (excessive non-fixed hindfoot eversion, excessive first metatarsal abduction or loss of medial longitudinal arch height) | Function & strength, Foot posture | 30 | 21 (70) | 59.8 (11.1) | 29.9 (4.8) | 15 | 14 (93) | 56.5 (7.7) | 30.6 (3.6) |
| Houck 24 | Case-control | Unilateral stage II PTTD | Signs of tendon pathology (pain and/or swelling along medial ankle) and flexible flatfoot deformity (hindfoot eversion, forefoot abduction or loss of medial longitudinal arch height) | Function & strength, Foot posture | 24 | 18 (75) | 61 (10) | 30 (5) | 15 | 13 (87) | 55 (8) | 28 (5) |
| Kulig 26 | Cross-sectional laboratory | Unilateral early stage PTTD (I or II) | Pain along medial ankle, tender on palpation posterior tibial tendon, lowered medial longitudinal arch, abducted midfoot, absence of rigid foot deformity | Function & strength, Foot posture, PROM | 17 | 17 (100) | 52.1 (7.5) | 29.5 (6.3) | 17 | 17 (100) | 50.7 (5.5) | 26.9 (5.9) |
| Kulig 32 | Case-control | Unilateral early stage PTTD (I or II) | Pain along medial ankle, tender on palpation posterior tibial tendon, lowered medial longitudinal arch, abducted midfoot, absence of rigid foot deformity | Function & strength, Foot posture, Balance | 19 | 19 (100) | 54.6 (6.3) | 28.9 (4.5) | 20 | 20 (100) | 50.8 (5.5) | 26.9 (5.9) |
| Neville 22 | Cross-sectional | Unilateral stage II PTTD | 1 or more signs of tendinopathy (tenderness, swelling or pain with unilateral heel raise) and 1 or more signs of flexible flatfoot deformity (excessive non-fixed hindfoot eversion, excessive first metatarsal abduction or loss of medial longitudinal arch height) | Function & strength, ROM, Foot posture | 30 | 19 (63) | 58.1 (10.5) | 30.6 (5.4) | 15 | 14 (93) | 56.5 (7.7) | 30.6 (3.6) |
| Neville 23 | Case-control | Unilateral stage II PTTD | 1 or more signs of tendinopathy (tenderness, swelling or pain with unilateral heel raise) and 1 or more signs of flexible flatfoot deformity (excessive non-fixed hindfoot eversion, excessive first metatarsal abduction or loss of medial longitudinal arch height) | Foot posture, PROM | 17 | 14 (82) | 56.1 (11.6) | 33.2 (7.4) | 10 | 7 (70) | 50.2 (6.8) | 31.8 (3.8) |
| Rabbito 28 | Case-control | Stage I PTTD | Mild swelling, tenderness, pain posterior to the medial malleolus, aggravated by recreational activity | ROM, Foot posture | 12 | 9 (75) | 30.3 (7.9) | 23.2 (3.4) | 12 | 9 (75) | 28.5 (8.6) | 23.7 (2.8) |
| Tome 31 | Case-control | Unilateral stage II PTTD | 1 or more signs of tendinopathy (tenderness, swelling or pain with unilateral heel raise) and 1 or more signs of flexible flatfoot deformity (excessive non-fixed hindfoot eversion, excessive first metatarsal abduction or loss of medial longitudinal arch height) | Foot posture | 14 | 12 (85) | 56.8 (11.7) | 33.7 (7.4) | 10 | 7 (70) | 51.2 (7.3) | 31.8 (3.6) |
Abbreviations: AAFD adult acquired flatfoot deformity, PTTD posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, ROM range of motion, PROM patient reported outcome measure