Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics of 1,207 Study Participants With Fat-Soluble Micronutrient Measurements Taken at Baseline, by Tertiles (μg/dL) of α-Carotene and γ-Tocopherol, Effects of Aspirin in Gestation and Reproduction Trial, 2007–2011

Demographic Characteristic	α-Carotenea							γ-Tocopherolb
	Tertile 1 (n = 403)		Tertile 2 (n = 402)		Tertile 3 (n = 402)		P Value	Tertile 1 (n = 404)		Tertile 2 (n = 404)		Tertile 3 (n = 399)		P Value
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%		No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
Age, years							0.71							0.69
<35	359	89.1	356	88.6	351	87.3		361	89.4	353	87.4	352	88.2
≥35	44	10.9	46	11.4	51	12.7		43	10.6	51	12.6	47	11.8
Body mass indexc							<0.0001							<0.0001
<25	145	36.6	210	53.2	268	67.7		266	67.0	212	53.3	145	37.0
≥25	251	63.4	185	46.8	128	32.3		131	33.0	186	46.7	247	63.0
Race							<0.01							0.42
White	368	91.3	387	96.3	388	96.5		385	95.3	385	95.3	373	93.5
Nonwhite	35	8.7	15	3.7	14	3.5		19	4.7	19	4.7	26	6.5
Frequency of cigarette smoking							<0.0001							<0.01
Never smoker	319	79.4	358	90.4	372	93.2		361	89.6	364	90.6	324	82.7
Fewer (<6 times/week)	40	10.0	24	6.1	21	5.3		25	6.2	25	6.2	35	8.9
Daily	43	10.7	14	3.5	6	1.5		17	4.2	13	3.2	33	8.4
Frequency of alcohol drinking							0.36							<0.0001
Never drinker	261	65.1	264	66.7	267	67.6		297	74.1	266	66.3	229	58.7
Sometimes (up to 2–3 times/week)	135	33.7	123	31.1	116	29.4		100	24.9	123	30.7	151	38.7
Often (4–6 times/week or more)	5	1.3	9	2.3	12	3.0		4	1.0	12	3.0	10	2.6
Physical activity leveld							0.02							0.17
High	145	36.0	120	29.9	133	33.1		147	36.4	122	30.2	129	32.3
Moderate	141	35.0	177	44.0	179	44.5		165	40.8	177	43.8	155	38.9
Low	117	29.0	105	26.1	90	22.4		92	22.8	105	26.0	115	28.8
Educational level							<0.0001							0.02
More than high school	305	75.9	363	90.3	374	93.0		365	90.4	346	85.6	331	83.2
High school	84	20.9	32	8.0	24	6.0		34	8.4	52	12.9	54	13.6
Less than high school	13	3.2	7	1.7	4	1.0		5	1.2	6	1.5	13	3.3
Annual income, dollars							<0.0001							0.61
<20,000	41	10.2	22	5.5	29	7.2		30	7.4	28	6.9	34	8.5
20,000–39,999	143	35.5	89	22.2	77	19.2		94	23.3	105	26.0	110	27.6
40,000–74,999	53	13.2	60	15.0	63	15.7		69	17.1	51	12.6	56	14.0
75,000–99,999	24	6.0	60	15.0	64	15.9		49	12.2	55	13.6	44	11.0
≥100,000	142	35.2	170	42.4	169	42.0		161	40.0	165	40.8	155	38.9
Employment							0.44							0.03
Yes	285	74.6	301	78.0	296	74.6		285	73.1	290	73.8	307	80.4
No	97	25.4	85	22.0	101	25.4		105	26.9	103	26.2	75	19.6
Time since last pregnancy loss, months							0.02							0.04
≤4	187	46.8	226	57.4	226	57.4		210	52.4	218	55.3	211	53.7
5–8	79	19.8	72	18.3	66	16.8		71	17.7	72	18.3	74	18.8
9–12	42	10.5	30	7.6	26	6.6		39	9.7	40	10.2	19	4.8
>12	92	23.0	66	16.8	76	19.3		81	20.2	64	16.2	89	22.7
No. of pregnancies, not including losses							0.14							0.55
0	167	41.4	168	41.8	180	44.8		157	38.9	183	45.3	175	43.9
1	162	40.2	139	34.6	126	31.3		152	37.6	138	34.2	137	34.3
2	70	17.4	86	21.4	88	21.9		89	22.0	77	19.1	78	19.6
3	4	1.0	9	2.2	8	2.0		6	1.5	6	1.5	9	2.3
No. of previous live births							0.36							0.28
0	186	46.2	183	45.5	190	47.3		170	42.1	193	47.8	196	49.1
1	156	38.7	148	36.8	133	33.1		160	39.6	144	35.6	133	33.3
2	61	15.1	71	17.7	79	19.7		74	18.3	67	16.6	70	17.5
No. of previous pregnancy losses							0.46							0.12
1	261	64.8	277	68.9	269	66.9		258	63.9	285	70.5	264	66.2
2	142	35.2	125	31.1	133	33.1		146	36.1	119	29.5	135	33.8
Treatment arm							0.24							0.14
Low-dose aspirin	201	49.9	190	47.3	214	53.2		218	54.0	199	49.3	188	47.1
Placebo	202	50.1	212	52.7	188	46.8		186	46.0	205	50.7	211	52.9
Study site							0.001							0.57
Utah	311	77.2	325	80.9	348	86.6		340	84.2	325	80.5	319	80.0
New York	39	9.7	24	6.0	13	3.2		20	5.0	26	6.4	30	7.5
Colorado	20	5.0	27	6.7	25	6.2		21	5.2	29	7.2	22	5.5
Pennsylvania	33	8.2	26	6.5	16	4.0		23	5.7	24	5.9	28	7.0
Pregnancy after randomization							<0.0001							0.001
Yes	215	53.4	283	70.4	289	71.9		283	70.1	272	67.3	232	58.2
No	188	46.7	119	29.6	113	28.1		121	30.0	132	32.7	167	41.9

Abbreviation: IPAC, International Physical Activity Questionnaire.

^a Range (minimum–maximum) of α-carotene levels: tertile 1, 0.21–2.22 μg/dL; tertile 2, 2.23–4.31 μg/dL; tertile 3, 4.33–46.95 μg/dL.

^b Range (minimum–maximum) of γ-tocopherol levels: tertile 1, 65.0–143.0 μg/dL; tertile 2, 144.0–192.0 μg/dL; tertile 3, 193.0–476.0 μg/dL.

^c Weight (kg)/height (m)².

^d Physical activity, assessed by means of the IPAQ–Short Form, was categorized on the basis of standard IPAQ cutoffs (42).