Table 2.

Distribution of pneumonia events and incidence rates by treatment in the UPLIFT study

Treatment	Events	Years in study	Incidence rate	Incidence-rate ratio (95% CI)	P-value
Any ICS vs no ICS
No ICS	383	6,885	0.056		Reference
ICS	738	10,836	0.068	1.22 (1.08–1.38)	0.012
FP vs other ICS and no ICS
FP	437	5,685	0.077	1.38 (1.20–1.58)	,0.001
Other ICS	301	5,151	0.058	1.05	0.52
No ICS	383	6,885	0.056		Reference
Effect of Tio on pneumonia rate, irrespective of ICS
FP/Pbo	230	2,720	0.081	1.45 (1.19–1.77)	,0.001
FP/Tio	217	2,964	0.073	1.31 (1.08–1.60)	0.006
Other ICS/Pbo	153	2,461	0.062	1.12 (0.90–1.38)	0.29
Other ICS/Tio	148	2,690	0.055	0.99 (0.79–1.23)	0.94
No ICS/Pbo	184	3,317	0.055		Reference
No ICS/Tio	199	3,567	0.056	1.00 (0.82–1.22)	0.95

Note: Reproduced with permission from Morjaria JB, Rigby A, Morice AH. Inhaled corticosteroid use and the risk of pneumonia and COPD exacerbations in the UPLIFT study. Lung. 2017;195(3):281–288. Creative Commons license and disclaimer available from: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.⁷⁴

Abbreviations: FP, fluticasone propionate; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; Pbo, placebo; Tio, tiotropium.