Table 1. Participant demographics, injury characteristics, MRI outcomes, anthropometric measurements and biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease.
| Total (n = 22) | Paraplegic (n = 14) | Tetraplegic (n = 8) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age (y) | 36 ± 10 | 35 ± 9 | 37 ± 12 |
| Injury Characteristics | |||
| Lesion Levela | C5 –T11 | T4 –T11 | C5 –C7 |
| Time Since Injurya (y) | 8 ± 8 | 8 ± 9 | 8 ± 7 |
| Anthropometric Measurements | |||
| Body Mass (kg) | 78.4 ± 13.4 | 80.3 ± 13.0 | 75.2 ± 14.3 |
| BMI | 24.9 ± 4.0 | 25.3 ± 3.5 | 24.1 ± 5.0 |
| Seated Abdominal Circumference (cm) | 100.3 ± 13.5 | 100.0 ± 14.9 | 100.8 ± 11.6 |
| Seated Waist Circumference (cm) | 88.8 ± 9.3 | 89.8 ± 10.9 | 87.0 ± 5.8 |
| Supine Abdominal Circumference (cm) | 87.6 ± 12.6 | 86.4 ± 11.8 | 89.8 ± 14.3 |
| Supine Waist Circumference (cm) | 85.9 ± 11.8 | 85.0 ± 11.6 | 87.5 ± 12.8 |
| Supine Hip Circumference (cm) | 97.5 ± 10.0 | 97.1 ± 10.0 | 98.2 ± 10.6 |
| Waist:Hip Ratio | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.88 ± 0.10 | 0.89 ± 0.08 |
| MRI Outcomes | |||
| VATCSA (cm2)a | 100.4 ± 61.0 | 89.8 ± 63.0 | 117.5 ± 57.2 |
| VAT Volume (cm3)a | 5287 ± 3409 | 4550 ± 3327 | 6485 ± 3401 |
| VATCSA/TOTALa | 0.15 ± 0.08 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.20 ± 0.10 |
| VAT:SAT Ratioa | 0.73 ± 0.44 | 0.69 ± 0.43 | 0.84 ± 0.44 |
| Blood Pressure | |||
| SYS (mm/Hg) | 117.2 ± 19.5 | 123.4 ± 18.0 | 106.4 ± 18.1 |
| DIA (mm/Hg) | 72.8 ± 9.9 | 75.2 ± 8.5 | 68.6 ± 11.4 |
| Whole-body Outcomes | |||
| VO2 peak (L/min)c | 0.54 ± 0.20 | 0.61 ± 0.20 | 0.41 ± 0.12 |
| BMR (Kcal/day) | 1137 ± 280 | 1216 ± 278 | 1022 ± 240 |
| Lipid Profile | |||
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 92.6 ± 26.9 | 89.3 ± 29.1 | 98.4 ± 23.2 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 35.0 ± 8.1 | 36.1 ± 8.9 | 33.0 ± 6.5 |
| Non-HDL (mg/dL) | 115.1 ± 27.7 | 108.1 ± 30.8 | 127.4 ± 16.7 |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 150.1 ± 29.0 | 144.3 ± 31.9 | 160.4 ± 21.1 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 111.1 ± 54.5 | 93.9 ± 37.6 | 141.1 ± 68.2 |
| FFA (pg/mL) | 363.7 ± 188.8 | 334.5 ± 178.6 | 394.1 ± 216.6 |
| Carbohydrate Profile | |||
| HbA1c (%)a | 5.40 ± 0.50 | 5.20 ± 0.40 | 5.60 ± 0.50 |
| Si [(mu/L)^l.min^-1]b | 8.6 ± 6.3 | 10.5 ± 5.7 | 4.6 ± 6.1 |
| Sg [min^-1] | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.00 |
| Inflammatory Markers | |||
| CRP (ng/mL) | 7221 ± 6574 | 7650 ± 6572 | 7393 ± 6953 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 15.3 ± 8.0 | 15.5 ± 8.2 | 16 ± 8.2 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 5.9 ± 6.8 | 6.9 ± 7.7 | 5.0 ± 5.4 |
Basal metabolic rate; BMR, body mass index; BMI, c-reactive protein; CPR, cross-sectional area; CSA, diastolic blood pressure; DIA, free fatty acid; FFA, glucose effectiveness; Sg, glycated hemoglobin; HbA1c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, insulin sensitivity; Si, interleukin-6; IL-6, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, magnetic resonance imaging; MRI, peak oxygen uptake; VO2 peak, subcutaneous adipose tissue; SAT, systolic blood pressure; SYS, triglycerides; TG, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNF-α, visceral adipose tissue cross-sectional area; VATCSA. Missing data:
a n = 21
b n = 19
c n = 15.