Table 1.
Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetic and Control Subjects±SD
| Demographics | Control (n=50) | T2D (n=42) | Normal values | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 60.6±6.8 | 61.9±8.5 | 0.54 | |
| Race | 0.001 | |||
| Caucasian (%) | 27 (54) | 11 (26) | ||
| Hispanic (%) | 19 (38) | 31 (74) | ||
| Asian (%) | 2 (4) | |||
| Indian (%) | 1 (2) | |||
| Native American (%) | 1 (2) | |||
| Duration of T2D (years) | N/A | 11.2±7.6 | N/A | |
| Postmenopause (years) | 11.6±6.6 | 15.5±9.3 | 0.04 | |
| History of smoking cigarettes, n (%) | 6 (12) | 7 (16) | 0.55 | |
| Previous fractures, n (%) | 13 (26) | 13 (30) | 0.65 | |
| PPI Use, n (%) | 5 (10) | 7 (16) | 0.37 | |
| SSRI use, n (%) | 13 (26) | 12 (28) | 0.86 | |
| Height (cm) | 158.3±7 | 157.0±6 | 0.32 | |
| Weight (kg) | 72.6±13.9 | 78.5±19.1 | 0.09 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.1±5.7 | 31.6±7.3 | 0.06 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 92.5±13.5 | 100.9±13.9 | 0.05 | |
| Calcium supplements (total daily dose, mg) | 401±640 [range, 0–3000; median, 0] | 238±430 [range, 0–1285; median, 0] | 0.16 | |
| Vitamin D supplements (total daily dose, IU) | 1,078±2242 [range: 400–10,000; median: 400] | 440±1037 [range: 0–5000; median: 0] | 0.1 | |
| Nephropathy, n (%) | N/A | 6 (13) | N/A | |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | N/A | 8 (17) | N/A | |
| Neuropathy, n (%) | N/A | 6 (13) | N/A | |
| Diabetes therapy with insulin, n (%) | N/A | 16 (35) | N/A | |
| Diabetes therapy with metformin, n (%) | N/A | 39 (85) | N/A | |
| Diabetes therapy with other oral agents, n (%) | N/A | 17 (37) | N/A | |
| Biochemistries | ||||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 4.95±0.5 | 8.61±4.4 | 3.61–5.49 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.8±0.3 | 8.4±1.6 | <5.7 | <0.0001 |
| Cr Cl, mL/min | 89±19 | 87±25 | 88–128 | 0.69 |
| TSH, mIU/L | 2.15±2.01 | 2.51±3.46 | 0.40–4.50 | 0.41 |
| Alkaline phosphatase, U/L | 76.3±26.9 | 93.0±33.6 | 33–130 | 0.009 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 22.6±14.1 | 21.7±11.5 | 10–35 | 0.76 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 24.7±25.5 | 23.1±11.6 | 6–29 | 0.69 |
| Parathyroid hormone, ng/L | 40.7±21.4 | 42.3±26 | 14–64 | 0.57 |
| Calcium, mmol/L | 2.35±0.1 | 2.38±0.1 | 2.15–2.60 | 0.47 |
| Phosphorus, mmol/L | 1.20±0.1 | 1.20±0.2 | 0.81–1.45 | 0.10 |
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D, nmol/L | 82.1±47.7 | 65.4±31.7 | 74.9–250 | 0.05 |
| Albumin, g/L | 43±2 | 43±2 | 34–54 | 0.36 |
| P1NP, μg/L | 57.4±25.3 | 40.4±11.2 | 19–83 | 0.0007 |
| s-CTX, ng/mL | 0.595±0.295 | 0.394±0.170 | 0.112–0.738 | 0.0007 |
| Urinary pentosidine, pmol/mg Cr | 84.8±66 | 99.4±130.6 | 0.53 | |
T2D=type 2 diabetes; PPI=proton pump inhibitors; SSRI=selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TSH=thyroid-stimulating hormone.