Table 1:
Clinical and demographic characteristics
| All Participants | Participants with Stress Events | Participants with Drug Use Events | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 182 | 158 | 149 |
| Sex | |||
| males | 135 (74.2%) | 113 (71.5%) | 107 (71.8%) |
| Age mean (SD) years | 41.9 (9.6) | 42.4 (9.7) | 42.0 (9.6) |
| Race | |||
| African American | 118 (64.8%) | 102 (64.6%) | 95 (63.8%) |
| White | 62 (34.0%) | 52 (32.9%) | 52 (34.9%) |
| Education mean (SD) years | 12.1 (1.5) | 12.1 (1.6) | 12.1 (1.5) |
| Marital Status | |||
| Married | 24 (13.3%) | 23 (14.6%) | 20 (13.5%) |
| Never married | 111 (60.8%) | 95 (59.9%) | 94 (62.8%) |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 47 (26.0%) | 40 (25.5%) | 35 (23.6%) |
| Employment Status | |||
| Full time | 84 (46.4%) | 70 (44.0%) | 69 (46.0%) |
| Part time | 41 (22.6%) | 36 (22.9%) | 31 (21.0%) |
| Unemployed | 46 (25.4%) | 42 (26.8%) | 39 (26.4%) |
| Retired/disability/controlled | 10 (5.5%) | 10 (6.4%) | 10 (6.8%) |
| Drug-Use History | |||
| Days used in last 30 | |||
| Heroin mean (SD) | 19.3 (11.9) | 19.1 (11.9) | 20.8 (11.0) |
| Other opioid mean (SD) | 8.1 (10.3) | 8.0 (10.3) | 7.2 (9.3) |
| Cocaine mean (SD) | 4.5 (8.5) | 4.6 (8.5) | 5.3 (9.1) |
| Years Using | |||
| Heroin mean (SD) | 14.5 (10.2) | 14.5 (10.5) | 14.7 (9.9) |
| Other opioid mean (SD) | 1.4 (2.6) | 1.5 (2.8) | 1.4 (2.6) |
| Cocaine mean (SD) | 6.0 (8.0) | 6.2 (8.1) | 6.5 (8.2) |
| Opioid agonist treatment* | |||
| Methadone | 107 (58.8%) | 91 (57.6%) | 88 (59.1%) |
| Buprenorphine/naloxone | 75 (41.2%) | 67 (42.4%) | 61 (40.9%) |
| Urine drug screen results* | |||
| Opioids mean % negative (SD) | 61.8% (38.2) | 61.0% (36.7) | 53.6% (34.5) |
| Cocaine mean % negative (SD) | 66.2% (39.6) | 65.2% (39.8) | 58.7% (34.5) |
| Cannabis mean % negative (SD) | 85.8% (29.3) | 85.9% (29.0) | 83.4% (29.9) |
*
Data collected during the study; all other measures were collected during screening on the Addiction Severity Index (McLellan et al., 1985).