Table 1. Newly Introduced Markers for Detecting Celiac Disease in the Context of Type 1 Diabetes.
| Biomarkers | Authors, Year | Population | Implications | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMA | Yuksel et al., 2017 | 65 patients with CD and 65 healthy control | IMA levels were higher in celiac patients respective to controls. Among CD patients, those with positive serological test had significantly higher IMA levels | (54) |
| Sayar et al, 2015 | 37 children with CD and 29 healthy controls | IMA levels were significantly higher in patients. IMA level showed moderately positive correlation with t - TGA and Marsh Score. The level of IMA dropped significantly following a GFD. | (55) | |
| SD - 1 | Yablecovitch et al., 2017 | 49 children with CD and no history of treatment, 15 children with abdominal pain and no evidences of CD | The levels of soluble SD - 1 were significantly higher in CD children at the time of diagnosis compared to controls. The levels were significantly correlated with the degree of villous inflammation | (53) |
| REGIa | Planas et al., 2011 | 40 patients with CD, 35 healthy controls | REGIa showed significantly elevated levels compared to control subjects. The levels decreased following GFD which was correlated with reduction in tTG antibodies. I comparison, those patients with T1D showed normal levels of REG Ia. | (57) |
| Zonulin | Vorobjova et al., 2017 | 40 subjects with CD, and 40 individuals with small intestine functional syplasia as control | Serum zonulin levels were significantly higher in CD patients and were associated with Marsh score III. This correlation was prominent in CD patients with concurrent T1D. | (63) |
| Pro NT | Monten et al., 2016 | 96 children with CD and 89 healthy controls | The plasma level of pro - NT was higher in CD compared to non - diseased cases. The levels were correlated with intestinal damage degree, and anti - tTG antibodies | (60) |
| n - 3 PUFA | Tarnok et al., 2015 | 20 children with CD, 8 children with coexistence of CD and T1D, and 21 healthy children | The plasma levels of docosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, n - 3 PUFA, and long chains (n - 3 LCPUFA) were significantly lower in CD+T1D group compared to CD alone or controls. | (64) |
Abbreviations: CD, Celiac disease; IMA, Ischemia - modified albumin; NT, Neurotensin; PUFA, n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acidsn - 3; REGIa, regenerating gene I alpha; SD - 1, Solouble Syndecan - 1.