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. 2018 May 12;21(9):871–882. doi: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy043

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© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of CINP.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 2. — Valproic acid (VPA) prenatal treatment affects several developmental and behavioral paradigms in young pups and that are more pronounced in males than females. (A) VPA mice displayed significant delayed eye opening and (B) latency to righting in comparison with saline. Eye opening was assessed daily at postnatal day (P12) to P16 and scored as 0=both eyes closed, 1=one eye open, or 2=both eyes open. (C) On P30, only VPA males showed a significant increase in immobility (freezing) when transferred to the SHIRPA arena as well as (D) a significant decrease in their locomotor activity. (E) VPA mice show a significant increase in the time climbing the wire and (F) time to climb the grid during the negative geotaxis test in comparison with saline. VPA males (n=34/34), saline males (n=27/27), VPA females (n=25/25), and saline females (n=30/30). Data are expressed as mean±SEM; 2-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s posthoc were performed (*P<.05, **P<.01, ***P<.001).