Table 3:

Steroidal influence on the stage of follicular development.

Animal Model		Reference	Stages in Ovarian Follicular Development							Remarks
Species	Treatment		Reserve Establishment	Reserve Depletion	Activation /Recruitment	Selection	Dominance	Ovulation	Luteal Phase
Rhesus Macaques	Testosterone GD 40- 55/65/75 (term 164)	Abbott et al 2005				B*	B*	B*		Anovulation; polyfollicular ovarian morphology
Rhesus Macaques	Testosterone GD 100/115- 124/139 (term 164)	Abbott et al 2005				B*	B*	B*		Anovulation; polyfollicular ovarian morphology
Baboon	Letrozole GD 100–164 (term 184)	Zachos et al., 2002	↓	↓						Ovarian outer cortex has fewer follicles and more interfollicular nests in fetuses. Adult ovarian phenotype not assessed
Sufflock Sheep	Testosterone GD 30–90 (term 147)	Padmanabhan & Veiga-Lopez 2013b		↑	↑	B	B	B	B	Multifollicular phenotype; reduced primordial and increase in other follicular classes; anovulation
Sufflock Sheep	Testosterone GD 60–90 (term 147)	Steckler et al., 2007 Veiga-Lopez et al, 2016						↓*		Altered intrafollicular steroids; Reduced fecundity
Sufflock Sheep	DHT GD 30–90 (term 147)	Padmanabhan & Veiga-Lopez 2013b		↑	↑					Decrease in percentage of primordial follicles with corresponding increase in other follicular classes in fetal ovary
Scottish Greyface x Texel Sheep	Testosterone GD 62–102 (term 147)	Hogg et al., 2011 Hogg et al., 2012								No changes in ovarian morphology or follicular counts at fetal and 11 months of age
Rat (Sprague Dawley)	Testosterone GD 16–19 (term 21)	Wu et al., 2010			↑*	B*	B*			Increase in preantral and antral follicles; fewer preovulatory follicles and corpus luteum
Rat (Sprague Dawley)	DHT GD 16–19 (term 21)	Wu et al., 2010			↑*	B*	B*			Increase in preantral and antral follicles; fewer preovulatory follicles and corpus luteum
Mouse	DHT GD 16–18 (term 20)	Rolland et al., 2010						B*		Longer estrous cycle
Rat# (Wistar)	DHT 21–111d PN	Manneras et al., 2007				B*	B*	B*		Multiple Cystic follicles
Rat# (Wistar)	Letrozole 21–111d PN	Manneras et al., 2007				B*	B*	B*		Multiple Cystic follicles
Rat# (Wistar)	Letrozole 34–55d PN	Kafali et al 2004				B*	B*	B*		Multiple Cystic follicles
Rat# (Wistar)	Letrozole 56–77d PN	Baravalle et al 2006				B*	B*	B*		Multiple Cystic follicles
Mouse#	Letrozole 28–63d PN	Kauffman et al., 2015				B*	B*	B*		Multiple Cystic follicles
Rat# (Wistar)	Estradiol Valerate 14d PN	Rosa-E-Silva et al., 2003				B*	B*	B*		Multiple Cystic follicles
Mouse	Estradiol 1–4d PN	Karowan and Pepling 2012 Chen et al 2007	↓	↓	↓					Impaired germ cell nest breakdown; increased primordial follicle numbers
Mouse (CD1)	Ethinyl estradiol 1–4d PN	Karowan and Pepling 2012	↓	↓	↓					Impaired germ cell nest breakdown and increased primordial follicle numbers

GD = Gestational day; DHT = Dihydrotestosterone; PN = postnatal. ↑ Increase; ↓ Decrease; B Blocked;

^*Indicates the affected follicular developmental stage is predicted based on the phenotype observed;

^#Indicates animal models with treatments outside the ovarian developmental window.