Figure 1. A Minimal Oxazole Structure Modulates Expression of Specific Gene Targets and Attenuates CD1d Restricted in Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Leading to Colonic Inflammation.

(A) Panel of oxazole-containing and control heterocylic natural and synthetic compounds.

(B) Relative transcript abundance in MODE-K cells stimulated with indicated compounds, normalized to β-actin. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (Student’s t test).

(C) IL-10 production in MODE-K cells conditioned with the indicated compounds, loaded with α-GC, followed by 24.7 iNKT hybridoma co-culture. ***p < 0.001 (Student’s t test).

(D and E) Representative traces and quantification of surface CD1d (D) loaded with α-GC (E) in MODE-K cells conditioned with indicated compounds.

(F) Weight change after intra-rectal administration of 1% TMO or EtOH (50% v/v) vehicle in WT or CD1d-deficient (KO) animals (n = 16–20). *p < 0.05 (Mann-Whitney U test)

(G) Quantitative scoring for colitis after intra-rectal administration of 1% TMO or ethanol (EtOH; 50% v/v) vehicle in WT or CD1d-deficient (KO) animals (n = 8).

(H) Quantification (ELISA) of Il-13 and IFN-γ production from colon explants 2 days after intra-rectal administration of 1% TMO, TMC, or EtOH (50% v/v) vehicle (n = 3). ***p < 0.001 (Student’s t test).

See also Figures S1 and S2 and Table S1.