Table 1.

Clinical studies with CXCR3 binding chemokines in coronary artery disease.

Study	Molecules/ Receptor	n	Disease/Intervention	Description	Results
Ardigo et al. (49)	CXCL10 CCL11/eotaxin-1 CCL2/MCP-1 CCL3 CCL7 CCL8 CCL13 (CXCL8 and CCL5/RANTES not analyzed)	50 patients 48 controls	CAD, incident AMI	Cross-sectional study of a multidimensional approach, utilizing profiles of several inflammatory biomarkers.	Models using multiple chemokines more accurately distinguished cases and controls compared with models using traditional risk factors.
Rothenbacher et al. (50)	CXCL10 IL-8 RANTES/CCL5 MCP-1/CCL2 MIP-1α	312 patients 472 controls	Stable CAD	Case-control study investigating the association of chemokines with the risk of stable coronary heart disease.	Serum levels of CXCL10 and IL-8 were higher, and serum levels of RANTES were lower in CHD patients when compared with age- and gender-matched controls.
Fernandes et al. (11)	CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCR3 IL-12 IFN-γ	50 patients 10 controls	Stable or unstable angina pectoris	To explore whether this increase in Th1 activity could also be detected in circulating cells indicating a systemic activation.	Serum IL-12 and intracellular expression of IFN-γ were significantly elevated in patients with unstable angina. An enhanced expression of IFN-γ chemokines IP-10, Mig and CXCR3 in patients with stable angina was also observed.
Safa et al. (51)	CXCL10	300 patients 100 controls	Stable or unstable angina pectoris AMI	A comparative study to evaluate the CXCL10, CCL20 and CCL22 levels in patients with ischemic heart disease.	Serum levels of CXCL10 were significantly higher in patients with AMI, SA or UA as compared with the healthy control group.
PRIME (52)	CXCL10 RANTES/CCL5 MCP-1/CCL2 eotaxin-1/CCL11	621 patients 1242 controls	CAD	To quantify the association between systemic levels of chemokines with future coronary heart disease and to assess their usefulness for risk prediction.	None of the chemokines were independent predictors of CAD, either with respect to stable angina or to acute coronary syndrome.
MONICA/CORA Augsburg (53)	CXCL10 MCP-1/CCL2 IL-8	381 patients 1977 controls	CAD	To assess whether elevated systemic levels of these chemokines precede coronary events.	Elevated systemic levels of the chemokines MCP-1, IL-8, and CXCL10 precede CAHD but do not represent independent risk factors.
The Tromsø study (54)	CXCL10 apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio kallikrein lipoprotein a matrix metalloproteinase 9 thrombospondin 4	419 patients 398 controls	AMI	To survey multiple protein biomarkers for association with the 10-year risk of incident AMI and identify a clinically significant risk model.	The protein biomarker model improved identification of 10-year AMI risk above and beyond traditional risk factors with 14% better allocation to either high or low risk group.
Ferdousie et al. (55)	CXCL10 CXCL12	80 patients	CAD/PTCA	To evaluate the potential correlation between serum levels of chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL12 and the degree of coronary artery occlusion.	A significant correlation between the serum levels of CXCL10 and CXCL12 and the severity of coronary artery occlusion was found.
Kawamura et al. (56)	CXCL10 MCP-1 CCR2 CCR5 CXCR2 CXCR3	55 patients 20 controls	CAD/PTCA	To investigate whether coronary stenosis is associated with a significant expression ofleukocyte CXCL10 –CXCR3.	Increased plasma concentrations of IP10 were accompanied by a compensatory decrease in the CXCR3 expression on lymphocytes, but not monocytes.
Ørn et al. (57)	CCL4 CXCL8 CXCL10 CXCL16 CCL3 CXCL7	42 patients	AMI/PCI	To assess the levels of selected chemokines during AMI and the subsequent 60 days.	After PCI, high levels of CCL4, CXCL16, CXCL10 and CXCL8 within the first week after PCI correlated positively with the degree of myocardial damage and infarct size after 2 months.
Koten et al. (58)	CXCL10	53 patients 20 controls	AMI/PCI stable angina pectoris	To examine the serum levels of CXCL10 in AMI.	The serum CXCL10 level was increased in AMI, and a higher level of serum CXCL10 before PCI may be informative regarding infarct size.
Keeley et al. (59)	CXCL1 CXCL5 CXCL8 CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCL11 CXCL12	156 patients	Coronary artery stenosis	To examine whether plasma levels of angiogenic and angiostatic chemokines are associated with of the presence and extent of coronary collaterals in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease.	Plasma chemokine concentrations are associated with the presence and extent of spontaneously visible coronary artery collaterals and may be mechanistically involved in their recruitment.
Kao et al. (60)	CXCL11 CCR5		Transplant CAD	To demonstrate that CXCL11 is involved in the pathogenesis of transplant CAD.	This study demonstrated a correlation between circulating CXCL11 chemokine levels and development of transplant CAD in humans.