Table 1.

The 3D printer settings applied in this study. In achieving very fine details with several ranges of printing materials or 3D printer while avoiding gaps, leaking and overlaps; varying results could be generated. NB These settings are only applicable if a printer similar to Creatbot DM Plus Model (Mankati, Shanghai, China) and a software program similar to Simplify 3D (Ohio, USA) are employed to design and to construct the phantom

Settings	Selection
i. Extruder toolhead	Nozzle diameter: 0.40 mm, Extrusion multiplier: 1.00, Extrusion width: Auto, Retraction distance: 1.00 mm, Retraction speed: 1800.0 mm/min
ii. Layer	Primary layer height: 0.25 mm, Top/bottom solid layers: 5, Outline/perimeter shells: 5, Outline direction: Inside‐out, First layer height: 90%, First layer width: 100%, First layer speed: 50%
iii. Additions: Raft	Raft layers: 1, Raft offset from part: 2.00 mm, Separation distance: 1.50 mm, Raft infill: 100%
iv. Infill	Internal fill pattern: Grid, External fill pattern: Concentric, Interior fill percentage: 10%, Outline overlap: 50%, Minimum infill length: 5.00 mm, Print sparse infill every: 1 layer, Infill angle offsets: 45/−45°
v. Support: Generate support material	Support infill percentage: 25%, Dense support layers: 5 Dense infill percentage: 50%, Print support every layer Support type: Normal, Support pillar resolution: 4.00 mm
vi. Temperature	Extruder: 240°C Heated Bed/Platform: 230°C
vii. Cooling	Fan speed: 60%
viii. G‐code	Tick all boxes: 5D firmware, allow zeroing of extrusion distance, firmware supports ‘sticky’ parameters, update machine definition (Cartesian robot), update firmware configuration (Rep/Rap)
ix. Script	G28; home all axes
x. Others	Default printing speed: 1800.0 mm/min Outline under speed: 50% Solid infill under speed: 80% X/Y axis movement speed: 4800.0 mm/min Z axis movement speed: 1000.0 mm/min Filament diameter: 1.7500 mm