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. 2018 Aug 23;9:1978. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01978

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Copyright © 2018 Ma, Wang, Zhai, Zhou and Hao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Growth of L. paracasei L9 in CDM (chemically defined medium) and CDMM (CDM with 2.5 mg/mL L-malic acid). Ox-bile was added at 0.2% final concentration. All results were obtained from at least three independent experiments. Error bars correspond to the standard error (SD).