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Illustration of the mechanism of MLE pathway involved in the bile stress response in L. paracasei L9. MH-, monoanionic L-malate; LH, L-lactic acid; MLE, malolactic enzyme. (A) L. paracasei L9 under bile stress without L-malic acid; (B) L. paracasei L9 under bile stress with L-malic acid.
